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巴勒斯坦人

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巴勒斯坦人 (阿拉伯文：الفلسطينيون‎，羅馬拼音：al-Filasṭīniyyūn、希伯來文：פָלַסְטִינִים‎，羅馬拼音：Fālasṭīnīm) 係一個國家種族[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]。佢哋係喺巴勒斯坦地區住咗幾百年嘅人嘅後代，而佢哋今時今日無論係文化上定係語言上，都係屬於阿拉伯人[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] [41][42]。

巴勒斯坦人
阿拉伯文：الفلسطينيون‎
總人口
1,430萬[1]
分佈地區
巴勒斯坦國
5,350,000[1]
——西岸地區3,190,000
(其中有 809,738人係登記難民)[2][3][4]
——加沙走廊2,170,000
(其中有1,386,455人係登記難民)[5]
約旦2,175,491 (2017年難民人數)[2]–3,240,000 (2009)[6]
以色列2,037,000[7]
敘利亞568,530
(2021年難民人數)[2]
智利500,000[8]
沙特阿拉伯400,000[9]
卡塔爾295,000[9]
美國255,000[10]
阿拉伯聯合酋長國 阿聯酋200,000[11]
黎巴嫩174,000 (2017年普查)[12]–458,369 (2016年難民人數)[2]
洪都拉斯27,000–200,000[9][13]
德國100,000[14]
科威特80,000[15]
埃及70,000[9]
薩爾瓦多70,000[16]
巴西59,000[17]
利比亞59,000[9]
伊拉克57,000[18]
加拿大50,975[19]
也門29,000[9]
英國20,000[20]
秘魯15,000
墨西哥13,000[9]
哥倫比亞12,000[9]
荷蘭9,000–15,000[21]
澳洲7,000 (估計)[22][23]
瑞典7,000[24]
阿爾及利亞4,030[25]
語言
喺巴勒斯坦地區
巴勒斯坦阿拉伯文、希伯來文、英文
流散人口:
當地阿拉伯文、當地國家語言
宗教信仰
多數:
遜尼派
少數:
基督教 (唔同分支)、其他回教派（包括什葉派[26]）、德魯茲派

歷史 編輯

喺1919年，巴勒斯坦人佔咗巴勒斯坦地區人口嘅9成。到1920年，英屬巴勒斯坦成立，同時阿利亞運動加速[43][44]，令巴勒斯坦人嘅民族主義加劇，人民之中嘅内部分歧減小咗[45][46]。喺巴勒斯坦人大逃亡同埋以色列獨立宣言之後，巴勒斯坦人嘅認同感更加強烈，特別係針對成立一個完全獨立嘅巴勒斯坦國[47]。當然，巴勒斯坦人嘅歷史喺學家之中，仍然非常受爭議[48][49]。

當巴勒斯坦解放組織喺1964年成立嘅時候，本身係一個為巴勒斯坦人成立國家嘅統一組織[50]。不過，由於組織嘅内部出現分歧，《奧斯陸協議》喺1993年，成立咗新嘅巴勒斯坦自治政府，作爲一個過渡性嘅巴勒斯坦政府[51]。自從1978年以嚟，聯合國每年都有一個紀念巴勒斯坦人嘅節日（國際巴勒斯坦人團結日（英文：International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People））。 根據英國歷史學家 Perry Anderson 嘅估算，喺巴勒斯坦地區嘅巴勒斯坦人有一半都係難民，而佢哋總共損失咗值超過 $3,000億美金嘅財產[a][52]。

人口 編輯

雖然經過以巴衝突同埋幾次強制遷徙，巴勒斯坦人仍然有一半住喺巴勒斯坦地區[53]。其中，有一部分喺以色列成爲咗以色列阿拉伯人（英文：Israeli Arabs），係國家嘅2成人口[54]。住喺巴勒斯坦國嘅人之中，有唔少都係難民或者國內流離失所者，其中有超過100萬住喺加沙走廊[55]、75萬喺西岸地區[56]、同埋有25萬住喺以色列。

巴勒斯坦人嘅流散人口之中，有超過一半都係無國籍[57]。例如，淨係喺約旦就已經有210萬位登記難民，而大部分都有約旦國籍[58][59]。喺敘利亞同黎巴嫩有大約100萬位難民，喺沙地阿拉伯有75萬。喺阿拉伯國家以外，智利係有最多巴勒斯坦人嘅國家。

睇埋 編輯

註 編輯

  1. ↑ 喺2008-2009年嘅價錢

攷 編輯

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Presents the Conditions of Palestinian Populations on the Occasion of the International Population Day, 11/07/2022" 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期27 November 2023., Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) 7 July 2022
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Where We Work UNRWA". UNRWA. 原先內容歸檔喺7 July 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  3. ↑ 'PCBS reports Palestinian population growth to 4.81 million,' 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期13 July 2016. Ma'an News Agency 11 July 2016.
  4. ↑ 'The World Fact Book 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期22 July 2021. CIA July 2015.
  5. ↑ 'PCBS: The Palestinians at the end of 2015,' 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期3 May 2023. 30 December 2015
  6. ↑ "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Press Release" (PDF). 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺10 October 2017. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  7. ↑ "Israel's population approaches 9.7 million as 2022 comes to an end" 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2 June 2023., The Times of Israel 10 December 2022
  8. ↑ "La Ventana– Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz"". Laventana.casa.cult.cu. 原著喺22 July 2009歸檔. 喺17 February 2010搵到.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 "The Arab, Palestinian people group is reported in 25 countries". Joshua Project. 原先內容歸檔喺18 September 2016. 喺26 June 2016搵到.
  10. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. 原先內容歸檔喺27 December 1996. 喺22 April 2009搵到.
  11. ↑ "Palestinians Living in UAE Uncertain Over Peace Deal With Israel". The Media Line. 16 August 2020. 原先內容歸檔喺24 May 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  12. ↑ "Lebanon conducts first-ever census of Palestinian refugees". 21 December 2017. 原先內容歸檔喺24 December 2017. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  13. ↑ Jorge Alberto Amaya, Los Árabes y Palestinos en Honduras: su establecimiento e impacto en la sociedad hondureña contemporánea:1900–2009 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期18 August 2016. 23 July 2015.
  14. ↑ "Inside Berlin's famous Palestinian neighbourhood". Middle East Eye. 原先內容歸檔喺3 November 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  15. ↑ "Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy". Al Monitor. 23 May 2013. 原著喺22 May 2013歸檔. 喺23 May 2013搵到.
  16. ↑ "El Salvador's Palestinian connection". 26 February 2006. 原先內容歸檔喺15 October 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  17. ↑ "test0.com". 原著喺23 March 2009歸檔.
  18. ↑ "Factsheet: Palestinian Refugees in Iraq". 原著喺20 July 2009歸檔. 喺16 June 2009搵到.
  19. ↑ "Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agg." 2.statcan.ca. 原著喺12 July 2020歸檔. 喺22 April 2009搵到.
  20. ↑ "The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe". 原著喺24 August 2013歸檔. 喺22 June 2011搵到.
  21. ↑ "Did you know that ... Palestinians in the Netherlands – Palestine Link". 原著喺4 November 2018歸檔. 喺4 November 2018搵到.
  22. ↑ "Handing on the key" (PDF). 原著 (PDF)喺2 November 2012歸檔. 喺21 May 2011搵到.
  23. ↑ "Australians' Ancestries" (PDF). 原先內容歸檔喺11 March 2019. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  24. ↑ Miguel Benito. "Palestinier". 原著喺29 July 2013歸檔.
  25. ↑ "2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria". 聯合國難民署. 2013. 原先內容歸檔喺21 May 2020. 喺22 December 2013搵到.
  26. ↑ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期21 May 2020. retrieved 4 September 2013
  27. ↑ Wittes, Tamara Cofman 2005. How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期29 November 2023.. United States Institute of Peace. p. 5.
  28. ↑ Jabareen, Hassan. 2002. "The Future of Arab Citizenship in Israel:Jewish-Zionist Time in as Place with No Palestinian memory." In Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期29 November 2023., edited by D. Levy and Y. Weiss. Berghahn Books. p. 214.
  29. ↑ Hussain, Mir Zohair, and Stephan Shumock. 2006. "Ethnonationalism: A Concise Overview" 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期29 November 2023.. In Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence Or the Politics of Conviction, edited by S. C. Saha. Lexington Books. pp. 269ff, 284: "The Palestinians...are an ethnic minority in their country of residence."
  30. ↑ Nasser, Riad. 2013. Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Israel: The Necessary 'Others' in the Making of a Nation 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期29 November 2023.. Routledge
  31. ↑ Haklai, Oded (2011-06-15). Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel (英文). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0439-1. 原先內容歸檔喺29 November 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  32. ↑ Abu-Rayya, Hisham Motkal; Abu-Rayya, Maram Hussien (2009). "Acculturation, religious identity, and psychological well-being among Palestinians in Israel". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 33 (4): 325–331. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.05.006.
  33. ↑ Moilanen-Miller, Heather. "The Construction of Identity through Tradition: Palestinians in the Detroit Metro Area". International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science: 143–150. 原著喺10 October 2017歸檔. 喺2 December 2015搵到.
  34. ↑ "Palestine Nationalism: A. Search for Roots". The New York Times (美國英文). 1978-02-19. ISSN 0362-4331. 原先內容歸檔喺15 October 2023. 喺2023-09-23搵到.
  35. ↑ Yakobson, Alexander; Rubinstein, Amnon (2009). Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-state and Human Rights (英文). Taylor & Francis. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-415-46441-3. 原先內容歸檔喺2 November 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  36. ↑ Wilmer, Franke (15 January 2021). Breaking Cycles of Violence in Israel and Palestine: Empathy and Peacemaking in the Middle East (英文). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-7936-2352-2. 原先內容歸檔喺29 November 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  37. ↑ Dowty, Alan (2008). Israel/Palestine. London, UK: Polity. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. 原先內容歸檔喺29 November 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  38. ↑ Abu-Libdeh, Bassam, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi. 2012. "Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians". Pp. 700–11 in Genomics and Health in the Developing World, edited by D. Kumar. 牛津大學出版社. p. 700
  39. ↑ Khalidi, Rashid Ismail, et al. [1999] 2020. "Palestine § From the Arab Conquest to 1900" 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期30 October 2023.. 大英百科全書
  40. ↑ "Palestine". 《大英百科全書》. 2007. 原先內容歸檔喺10 December 2008. 喺29 August 2007搵到.
  41. ↑ Bernard Lewis (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W.W. Norton and Company. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-393-31839-5.
  42. ↑ Parkes, James. [1949] 1970. Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine (rev. ed.) Penguin. pp. 209–10
  43. ↑ Christison, Kathleen, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy, University of California Press, 2001 p.32.
  44. ↑ Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield, The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500, Cengage Learning, 2011 7th.ed. op,437.
  45. ↑ Rashid Khalidi,pp.24–26
  46. ↑ Paul Scham, Walid Salem, Benjamin Pogrund (eds.), Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期29 November 2023., Left Coast Press, 2005 pp.69–73.
  47. ↑ "Palestine". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. 原先內容歸檔喺10 December 2008. 喺29 August 2007搵到.
  48. ↑ Likhovski, Assaf (2006). Law and identity in mandate Palestine. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8078-3017-8.
  49. ↑ Gelvin, James L. (13 January 2014). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-107-47077-4. 原先內容歸檔喺29 November 2023. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  50. ↑ "Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?". Institute for Middle East Understanding. 2007. 原著喺28 September 2007歸檔. 喺27 July 2007搵到.
  51. ↑ "Palestinian Authority definition". TheFreeDictionary.com. 原先內容歸檔喺15 August 2020. 喺6 December 2013搵到.
  52. ↑ Anderson, Perry Anderson, 'The House of Zion' 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期1 May 2021., New Left Review 96, November–December 2015 pp. 5–37, p.31 n.55, citing Rex Brynen and Roula E-Rifai (eds.), Compensation to Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Palestinian-Israeli Peace, London 2013, pp.10,132–69.
  53. ↑ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. pp. 234–. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9. 原先內容歸檔喺29 November 2023. 喺2 May 2013搵到.
  54. ↑ Alan Dowty, Critical issues in Israeli society, Greenwood (2004), p. 110
  55. ↑ "Where We Work – Gaza Strip". UNRWA. 1 September 2013. 原先內容歸檔喺25 April 2020. 喺11 November 2013搵到.
  56. ↑ "Where We Work – West Bank". UNRWA. 1 January 2012. 原先內容歸檔喺15 January 2021. 喺11 November 2013搵到.
  57. ↑ Arzt, Donna E. (1997). Refugees into Citizens – Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-87609-194-4.
  58. ↑ "Jordan". UNRWA. 原先內容歸檔喺31 March 2019. 喺29 November 2023搵到.
  59. ↑ "Palestinians at the end of 2012" (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺15 August 2020. 喺11 November 2013搵到.
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