維基百科

阿什肯納茲猶太人

阿什肯納茲猶太人 (希伯來文：יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז‎，羅馬拼音：Yehudei Ashkenaz; 依地文：אַשכּנזישע ייִדן‎) 係歷史上主要喺歐洲度住嘅猶太人。佢哋傳統會講依地話[1]，不過自從20世紀以嚟開始講返希伯來話。佢哋自從中世紀因爲受逼迫嘅緣故，逐漸遷徙去北歐同東歐，特別係波蘭[2][3]。

喺1881年，阿什肯納茲猶太人喺歐洲嘅分佈地圖

經過長時間，阿什肯納茲猶太人因應住喺歐洲嘅傳統變化，而不斷翻新佢哋對猶太教嘅認知[4]。喺18同19世紀期間，因爲當時喺歐洲嘅民族主義興旺，所以令唔少喺德國嘅猶太人開始由講依地話轉做講德文，改變咗當時所認識嘅猶太身份[5]。喺佢哋過去幾百年，佢哋對歐洲有唔少嘅貢獻，包括哲學、文學、藝術、音樂、科學等等[6][7][8][9]。

喺11世紀，阿什肯納茲猶太人只係全球嘅猶太人口嘅3%，到1930年，已經升到成爲全球92%嘅猶太人口[10]。經過猶太人大屠殺之後，阿什肯納茲猶太人嘅人口大減[11][12]。喺1933年，全世界嘅猶太人口係大約1530萬[13]。以色列人口專家 Sergio Della Pergola（英文：Sergio Della Pergola） 默示阿什肯納茲猶太人喺2000年，包含咗全球猶太人口嘅大約 65-70% [14]，不過有其他嚟源就認爲呢個數據係超過 75% [15] 截至2013年，阿什肯納茲猶太人嘅總人口係大約1000萬[16]至1120萬[17]人之間。

群體遺傳學發現阿什肯納茲猶太人主要有嚟自黎凡特同歐洲嘅血統，不過每個嘅比重就有唔同嘅結論。有啲重視佢哋母系血統嘅歐洲成分，而其他就重視父系血統嘅中東成分[18][19][20][21][22]。

睇埋 編輯

攷 編輯

  1. ↑ Mosk, Carl (2013). Nationalism and economic development in modern Eurasia. New York: Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-60518-2.
  2. ↑ Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."
  3. ↑ Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."
  4. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "ShUM cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz". whc.unesco.org. 原先內容歸檔喺24 January 2022. 喺26 December 2019搵到.
  5. ↑ Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel; 等, Germany,第7卷, pp. 526–28, The cultural and intellectual reorientation of the Jewish minority was closely linked with its struggle for equal rights and social acceptance. While earlier generations had used solely the Yiddish and Hebrew languages among themselves, ... the use of Yiddish was now gradually abandoned, and Hebrew was by and large reduced to liturgical usage.
  6. ↑ Henry L. Feingold (1995). Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8156-2670-1. 原先內容歸檔喺24 December 2018. 喺13 August 2015搵到.
  7. ↑ Eric Hobsbawm (2002). Interesting Times: A Twentieth Century Life. Abacus Books. p. 25.
  8. ↑ Abramson, Glenda (March 2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-134-42864-9.
  9. ↑ Blanning, T. C. W. (2000). The Oxford History of Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285371-4.
  10. ↑ Brunner, José (2007). Demographie – Demokratie – Geschichte: Deutschland und Israel (德文). Wallstein Verlag. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-8353-0135-1. 原先內容歸檔喺16 December 2019. 喺1 April 2018搵到.
  11. ↑ Rafael, Eliezer Ben; Gorni, Yosef; Ro'i, Yaacov (2003). Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence (英文). Brill. p. 186. ISBN 978-90-04-12950-4. 原先內容歸檔喺29 April 2022. 喺13 August 2015搵到.
  12. ↑ Ehrlich, M. Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture (英文). ABC-CLIO. pp. 193ff [195]. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6. 原先內容歸檔喺22 April 2022. 喺13 August 2015搵到.
  13. ↑ "Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (英文). 喺2023-11-09搵到.
  14. ↑ Sergio DellaPergola (2008). ""Sephardic and Oriental" Jews in Israel and Countries: Migration, Social Change, and Identification". 出自 Peter Y. Medding (編). Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews.第X11卷. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–42. ISBN 978-0-19-971250-2. 原先內容歸檔喺14 April 2022. 喺13 August 2015搵到. Della Pergola does not analyze or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardi Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.
  15. ↑ Focus on Genetic Screening Research, ed. Sandra R. Pupecki, p. 58
  16. ↑ "Ashkenazi Jews". 耶路撒冷希伯來大學. 原著喺20 October 2013歸檔. 喺29 October 2013搵到.
  17. ↑ "First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews". The Gazette. Johns Hopkins University. 8 September 1997. 原先內容歸檔喺24 December 2018. 喺24 July 2013搵到.
  18. ↑ Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Verónica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Jiři; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luísa; Richards, Martin B. (8 October 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
  19. ↑ Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild; Alessandro Achilli; Yarin Hadid; Shay Tzur; Luisa Pereira; Antonio Amorim; Lluı's Quintana-Murci; Kari Majamaa; Corinna Herrnstadt; Neil Howell; Oleg Balanovsky; Ildus Kutuev; Andrey Pshenichnov; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Antonio Torroni; Richard Villems; Karl Skorecki (March 2006). "The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1086/500307. 原著 (PDF)喺2 December 2007歸檔. 喺30 December 2008搵到.
  20. ↑ Eva Fernández; Alejandro Pérez-Pérez; Cristina Gamba; Eva Prats; Pedro Cuesta; Josep Anfruns; Miquel Molist; Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo; Daniel Turbón (5 June 2014). "Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401.
  21. ↑ Xue J, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Pe'er I, Carmi S (April 2017). "The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history". PLOS Genetics. 13 (4): e1006644. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644.
  22. ↑ Waldman, Shamam; Backenroth, Daniel; Harney, Éadaoin; Flohr, Stefan; Neff, Nadia C.; Buckley, Gina M.; Fridman, Hila; Akbari, Ali; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Cooper, Leo; Lomes, Ariel; Lipson, Joshua; Cano Nistal, Jorge (2022-12-08). "Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century". Cell (英文). 185 (25): 4703–4716.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002. ISSN 0092-8674.
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