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摘要

World map of human migrations, with the North Pole at center. Made in 2005.

Africa, harboring the start of the migration, is at the top left and South America at the far right. Migration patterns are based on studies of mitochondrial (matrilinear) DNA. Dashed lines are hypothetical migrations.

Numbers represent thousand years before present.

The blue line represents area covered in ice or tundra during the last great ice age.

The letters are the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (pure motherly lineages); Haplogroups can be used to define genetic populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups:

• African: L, L1, L2, L3
• Near Eastern: J, N
• Southern European: J, K
• General European: H, V
• Northern European: T, U, X
• Asian: A, B, C, D, E, F, G (note: M is composed of C, D, E, and G)
• Native American: A, B, C, D, and sometimes X
• The letters I, J, K shown in Europe are apparently included by mistake, as they refer to Y-DNA haplogroups.

The dashed path for X, stopping in Iceland, gestures at the "Solutrean hypothesis", an idea discussed in the popular media at the time the map was made but mostly discredited since.

Data derivation

• Image:Northern icesheet hg.png shows the region that was covered by ice or tundra in the last ice age

• All migration data based on mitomap.
• Geographic data from File:Last glacial vegetation map.png
• and adding the following data File:Ice Age Temperature.png we get this interesting result File:Human-migration-temperature.jpg

Licenses

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