長刀之夜德文個快撈 Nacht der langen Messer ), 或叫羅姆清洗,或者叫蜂鳥行動 (German: Unternehmen Kolibri),一次喺1934年6月30日至7月2日發生嘅政治清洗行動,由希特拉戈林希姆萊,為集權,以及回應德國軍方對衝鋒隊以及羅姆角色疑慮為目的作出嘅法外處決行動,納粹黨宣傳機器故意宣傳為一場避免政變嘅行動。

希特拉同衝鋒隊 編輯

關於衝鋒隊嘅暴力事件 編輯

納粹衝鋒隊納粹黨擁有一定的自主性。衝鋒隊係由一戰後嘅自由軍團演變而嚟,他們大多數嘅成員都認為德國是被「十一月的罪犯」出賣嘅,他們同樣反對果陣新成立威瑪政府,亦反對共產主義共產黨喺德國逐漸發展果陣,衝鋒隊就同共產黨發生激烈衝突[1]。呢種激烈衝突亦對戰後有實驗性質民主政體威瑪政府帶嚟相當不穩定[2]。以1932年6月為例,超過400次嘅街頭衝突,造成82人死亡[3]。這種社會上嘅不穩定係希特拉崛起關鍵因素,好多德國人確信一旦希特拉被任命為總理,呢種地方械鬥就會停上。他成為總理後,除咗納粹黨外嘅政黨一律被鎮壓,包含共產黨都被瓦解。但有關衝鋒隊嘅暴力事件仍層出不窮,有時毆打路人或阻住他們的警察[4]。喺1933年中期左右,衝鋒隊被普通人認為係傲慢同無禮,有外交官抱怨過外國大使被衝鋒隊無理對待[5]。呢類行為已令中產階級同其他保守團體,例如德軍有意見。

參考書目 編輯

  • Bessel, Richard (1984). Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism: The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany 1925–1934. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03171-3.
  • Bullock, Alan (1958). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Harper.
  • Collier, Martin; Pedley, Phillip (2005). Hitler and the Nazi State. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-435-32709-5.
  • Cook, Stan; Bender, Roger James (1994). Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler: Uniforms, Organization, & History. San Jose, CA: James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0-912138-55-8.
  • Evans, Richard (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
  • Fest, Joachim (1974). Hitler. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-602754-0.
  • Frei, Norbert (1987). National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-631-18507-9.
  • Gilbert, Gustave (1995). Nuremberg Diary. New York: Da Capo Press -reprinted with arrangement of original publishers Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-306-80661-4.
  • Gallo, Max (1972). The Night of the Long Knives. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060113971.
  • Höhne, Heinz (1970). The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. New York: Coward-McCann. ISBN 978-0-14-139012-3.
  • Johnson, Paul (1991). Modern Times – the World from the Twenties to the Nineties. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-016833-9.
  • Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler: 1889–1936 Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2001). The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280206-4.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
  • Klemperer, Victor (1998). I Will Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-45696-4.
  • Macdonogh, Giles (2001). The Last Kaiser: William the Impetuous. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-84212-478-9.
  • O'Neill, Robert (1967). The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933–1939. New York: James H. Heineman. ISBN 978-0-685-11957-0.
  • Reiche, Eric G. (2002). The Development of the SA in Nürnberg, 1922–1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52431-5.
  • Schoenbaum, David (1997). Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31554-7.
  • Schwarzmüller, Theo (1995). Zwischen Kaiser und "Führer": Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen, eine politische Biographie. Dtv (德文). Paderborn. ISBN 978-3-423-30823-6.
  • Shirer, William L (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-72868-7.
  • Speer, Albert (1995). Inside the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-84212-735-3.
  • Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1996). Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History. New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-189877-6.
  • Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2.
  • Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945.
  • Wheeler-Bennett, John (2005). The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945 (第2版). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3.
  • Williams, Max (2001). Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 1—Road To War. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9537577-5-6.
  • Von Papen, Franz (1953). Memoirs. London: Dutton. ASIN B0007DRFHQ.
  1. ^Reiche (2002), pp. 120–121
  2. Toland (1976), p. 266.
  3. Shirer (1960), p. 165.
  4. Evans (2005), p. 23.
  5. Kershaw, Hitler, (1999), p. 501