史太林
史太林(俄文:Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили Сталин,英文:Joseph Jughashvili Stalin,1878年12月18號—1953年3月5號),又譯成斯大林,原名იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი(Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili,用俄文時轉做 Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili),係格魯吉亞人,係蘇聯嘅領袖,做過蘇聯共產黨中央委員會總書記(1922年-1953年),蘇聯人民委員會主席兼部長會議主席(總理)(1941年-1953年),國防部長(1941年-1947年)。第二次世界大戰時同埋之後係「三巨頭」之一。後尾,佢就因爲腦出血而死咗。佢推行嘅農業集體化擾亂食品生產,引發1932年蘇聯大饑荒。1930年代,斯大林喺樹立個人崇拜同時,對黨、政、軍領導人,少數民族以至群眾進行大規模逮捕,流放或勞改等,造成上百萬人死咗,呢時期因而被稱為蘇聯大清洗時期。
史太林 იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин 大元帥 | |
---|---|
1945年出席波茨坦會議嘅史太林 | |
蘇聯共產黨中央委員會總書記 | |
任期 1922年4月3號-1952年10月16號 | |
前任 | 莫洛托夫 |
繼任 | 赫魯曉夫 |
第4任蘇聯部長會議主席 | |
任期 1941年5月6號-1953年3月5號 | |
第一副主席 | 福茨列森斯基 莫洛托夫 布爾加寧 |
前任 | 莫洛托夫 |
繼任 | 馬林科夫 |
蘇聯國防委員會主席 | |
任期 1941年7月19號-1946年2月25號 | |
總理 | 自己(國防委員會主席兼任) |
前任 | 鐵木辛哥 |
繼任 | 布爾加寧 |
蘇聯共產黨中央政治局委員 | |
任期 1917年10月10號-1953年3月5號 | |
蘇聯共產黨中央書記處書記 | |
任期 1922年4月3號-1953年3月5號 | |
蘇聯共產黨中央組織部成員 | |
任期 1920年4月5號-1952年10月27號 | |
蘇聯共產黨中央委員會委員 | |
任期 1912年1月17號-1953年3月5號 | |
個人資料 | |
出世 | 俄羅斯帝國第比利斯省哥里 | 1878年12月21號
死 | 1953年3月5號 蘇聯莫斯科 | (74歲)
墓地 | 莫斯科列寧墓 (1953年3月9日–1961年10月31日,未下葬) 莫斯科克里姆林宮紅場墓園(1961年10月31日遷葬–) |
國籍 | 蘇聯 |
政黨 | 俄國社會民主工黨 (1898年–1917年) 俄國社會民主工黨(布爾什維克) (1917年–1918年) 俄國共產黨(布爾什維克) (1918年–1924年) 全聯盟共產黨(布爾什維克) (1925年–1952年) 蘇聯共產黨 (1952年–1953年) |
配偶 | 嘉芙蓮·史華尼澤 (1906年–1907年) 娜傑日達·阿利盧耶娃 (1919年–1932年) |
仔女 | 雅科夫·約瑟福維奇·朱加什維利 瓦西里·約瑟夫維奇·朱加什維利 斯韋特蘭娜·祖瑟福芙娜·阿利盧耶娃 |
父母 | 威薩利昂·朱加什維利(父) 嘉芙蓮·格拉澤(母) |
宗教信仰 | 冇,之前係格魯吉亞正教 |
獎 | |
簽名 | |
軍事背景 | |
效忠 | 蘇聯 |
服役 | 蘇聯紅軍 |
服役時間 | 1918年9月17號–1920年 1941年–1953年3月5日 |
軍銜 | 蘇聯元帥 (1943年–1945年) 蘇聯大元帥 (本人未接受) (1945年–1953年) |
指揮 | 蘇聯紅軍 |
參戰 | 第二次世界大戰 |
第二次世界大戰
編輯1939–1941年:同納粹德國嘅協議
編輯作為一個馬克思列寧主義者,史太林認為資本主義大國之間嘅衝突係無可避免嘅。喺納粹德國先後併吞奧地利同侵佔部分捷克斯洛伐克之後,佢覺得戰爭就嚟爆發。[1] 佢想保持蘇聯嘅中立,希望德國同英法開戰之後,蘇聯可以成為歐洲霸主。[2] 軍事上,蘇聯仲要應付嚟自東方嘅威脅,三十年代後期仲要同擴張主義嘅日本喺蘇日邊境衝突中打得火熱。[3] 史太林開始搞軍事擴張,紅軍喺1939年1月到1941年6月期間人數翻咗唔止一倍,但係因為擴軍太過匆忙,好多軍官都訓練唔足。[4] 1940年到1941年期間,佢仲要清洗軍隊,搞到開戰嗰陣軍隊嚴重缺乏有經驗嘅軍官。[5]
因為英法似乎唔願意同蘇聯結盟,史太林覺得同德國傾仲好啲。[6] 1939年5月3號,史太林將親西方嘅外交部長馬克西姆·利特維諾夫換咗做維亞切斯拉夫·莫洛托夫。[7] 德國開始同蘇聯談判,提議將東歐分俾兩個大國。[8] 史太林覺得呢個係擴張領土同暫時同德國保持和平嘅好機會。[9] 1939年8月,蘇聯同德國簽訂咗蘇德互不侵犯條約,呢個條約係由莫洛托夫同德國外交部長約阿希姆·馮·李賓特洛甫談判嘅。[10]
一個禮拜之後,德國入侵波蘭,令到英法向德國宣戰。[11] 9月17號,紅軍進入波蘭東部,聲稱係要喺波蘭國家崩潰嘅時候維持秩序。[12] 9月28號,德國同蘇聯交換咗佢哋啱啱征服嘅一啲領土;德國攞咗魯布林省同華沙省嘅一部分,呢啲地方主要講波蘭語,而蘇聯就攞咗立陶宛。[13] 之後佢哋喺史太林嘅見證下好快就簽咗個德蘇邊界條約。[14] 兩國繼續做生意,令到英國對德國嘅封鎖失效。[15]
1941–1942年:德國侵略
編輯1941年6月,德國入侵蘇聯,開始咗東線戰爭。[16] 雖然情報機構一再警告佢德國嘅意圖,但史太林仲係措手不及。[17] 佢組織咗一個國防委員會,自己擔任最高統帥,[18] 仲有一個軍事最高統帥部(斯達夫卡),[19] 朱可夫做參謀長。[20]
德軍嘅閃電戰戰術一開始好有效;蘇聯西部邊境嘅空軍兩日之內就俾打冧晒。[21] 德國嘅國防軍深入蘇聯領土;[22] 好快,烏克蘭、白俄羅斯同波羅的海諸國就俾德國佔領,列寧格勒俾圍住;[23] 蘇聯難民湧入莫斯科同周圍城市。[24] 到咗7月,德國嘅空軍開始轟炸莫斯科,[23] 10月,德軍就開始集結準備全面進攻首都。蘇聯政府計劃撤退到古比雪夫,但史太林決定留喺莫斯科,因為佢覺得如果佢走咗會打擊士氣。[25] 德軍進攻莫斯科嘅行動喺兩個月嘅戰鬥之後,喺愈嚟愈惡劣嘅天氣下停咗落嚟。[26]
違反朱可夫同其他將軍嘅建議,史太林主張進攻多過防禦。[27] 1941年6月,佢下令實施焦土政策,喺德軍未攞到之前就要摧毀基礎設施同糧食供應,[28] 仲命令內務部殺死大約十萬個德軍逼近地區嘅政治犯。[29] 佢清洗軍事指揮層;好多高層要降職或者調職,有啲就俾人拉咗去執行死刑。[30] 通過270號令,史太林命令士兵寧死都唔好俾人捉,話俾人捉到嘅係叛徒;[31] 俾德軍捉到嘅戰俘當中包括史太林個仔雅科夫·朱加什維利,佢後尾喺德軍監禁期間死咗。[32]
1945年:勝利
編輯1945年4月,紅軍攻佔柏林,希特拉自殺,德國喺5月投降。[33] 史太林原本想活捉希特拉;佢搵人將希特拉嘅遺體帶返莫斯科,以免俾納粹支持者當聖物。[34] 好多蘇聯士兵喺德國同東歐一帶搶掠、打劫同強姦。[35] 史太林拒絕懲罰呢班人。[36]
打贏咗德國之後,史太林將焦點轉移到蘇日戰爭,將五十萬兵力調去遠東。[37] 史太林俾盟友迫住要參戰,佢都想鞏固蘇聯喺亞洲嘅戰略地位。[38] 8月8號,就喺美國廣島同長崎原子彈轟炸期間,蘇聯軍隊入侵日本佔領嘅滿洲,打敗咗關東軍。[39] 呢啲事件導致咗日本投降同戰爭結束。[40] 蘇聯軍隊繼續擴張,直到佔領晒所有割讓俾佢哋嘅領土,但美國拒絕咗史太林想紅軍參與盟軍佔領日本嘅要求。[41]
喺1945年7-8月嘅波茨坦會議上,史太林重申之前嘅承諾,話唔會將東歐「蘇維埃化」。[42] 史太林要求德國賠償,冇理會德國人民生存所需嘅基本物資,搞到杜魯門同邱吉爾擔心德國會成為西方國家嘅財政負擔。[43] 佢仲要求「戰利品」,即係容許蘇聯直接冇限制咁攞戰敗國嘅財產,最後加咗條有啲限制嘅條款。[43] 德國分咗做四個區:蘇聯、美國、英國同法國,而位於蘇聯區嘅柏林本身都係咁樣分。[44]
睇埋
編輯參考
編輯- ↑ Montefiore 2003, p. 308.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 220–221; Service 2004, pp. 380–381.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 392–393; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 163, 168–169.
- ↑ Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 185–186.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 232–233, 236.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 399–400.
- ↑ Nekrich 1997, p. 109.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 220; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 220; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 168, 169.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 221; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Service 2004, p. 399; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 169.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 2006, p. 43.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 223; Service 2004, pp. 402–403; Wettig 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 224.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 224; Service 2004, p. 405.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 410–411; Roberts 2006, p. 82; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 198.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 408–409, 411–412; Roberts 2006, p. 67; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 199–200, 202.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 414–415; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 206–207.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 413.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 420.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 417; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 201–202.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 416; Service 2004.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Service 2004, p. 418.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 417.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 248–249; Service 2004, p. 420; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 214–215.
- ↑ Glantz 2001, p. 26.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 421, 424; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 220.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 482; Roberts 2006, p. 90.
- ↑ Gellately 2007, p. 391.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 239–240; Roberts 2006, p. 98; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 209.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 241; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 210.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 241–242; Service 2004, p. 521.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 474; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 247.
- ↑ Service 2004, pp. 479–480.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, pp. 265; Service 2004, p. 473; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 234.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 473.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 474.
- ↑ Glantz 1983.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 476; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 248–249.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 268; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 248.
- ↑ Conquest 1991, p. 267; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 249.
- ↑ Roberts 2006, pp. 274–275.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Wettig 2008, pp. 90–91.
- ↑ Service 2004, p. 506.
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Magazines, newspapers and websites
- Allilueva, Svetlana (1967), Twenty Letters to a Friend, Johnson, Priscilla翻譯, London: Hutchinson, ISBN 0-060-10099-0
- "Joseph Stalin: An Address Given by the Rev. Stanley Evans, M.A., at a Memorial Service for Joseph Stalin at the Church of St. George, Queen Square, London, on March 13th, 1953".
Template:* "[online]". Society of Socialist Clergy and Ministers. 1953. 原先內容歸檔喺11 August 2022. 喺7 June 2022搵到 –透過anglicanhistory.org, transcribed by Richard Mammana 2019.
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- Coynash, Halya (22 June 2021). "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 原先內容歸檔喺21 June 2021.
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- Montefiore, Simon Sebag (6 September 2007). "Stalin, his father and the Rabbit". The New Statesman. 原先內容歸檔喺8 August 2022. 喺8 August 2022搵到.
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- "Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High". The Moscow Times. 2 March 2013. 原先內容歸檔喺20 March 2017. 喺20 March 2017搵到.
- Rutland, Peter (13 June 2019). "Perspective – Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin". Washington Post. 原先內容歸檔喺4 October 2021. 喺25 June 2022搵到.
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- Snyder, Timothy D. (27 January 2011). "Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?". The New York Review of Books. 原先內容歸檔喺12 October 2017. 喺15 December 2016搵到.
- Taylor, Adam (15 February 2017). "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows". The Washington Post. 原先內容歸檔喺20 March 2017. 喺30 April 2017搵到.
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- "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin". BBC News. 18 April 2019. 原先內容歸檔喺19 July 2019. 喺11 June 2019搵到.
- Yegorov, Oleg (15 December 2017). "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe". Russia Beyond. 原先內容歸檔喺4 February 2022. 喺5 February 2022搵到.
- "О присвоении Верховному Главнокомандующему вооруженными силами СССР Сталину И. В. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза" [On the assignment of the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR Stalin I.V.] (PDF). Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР [Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR] (俄文). 13 March 1943. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺20 November 2021. 喺21 November 2021搵到.