男性視角

男性視角（英文：male gaze），喺女性主義理論中，男性視角指喺視覺藝術^[1]同喺文學創作^[2]中，由男異性戀者嘅角度描繪女性同現實，將女性性客體化以取悅異性戀男性觀眾嘅行為^[3]。

喺敘事電影嘅視覺同美學表現中，男性視角擁有三個角度：

攝像機後嘅男性視角；
電影中男性角色嘅視角；
睇圖像嘅男性觀眾嘅視角^[4]^[5]。

男性視角嘅概念最首由英國藝術評論家約翰·伯格喺1972年1月英國廣播公司播出嘅一系列電影《觀看之道》中提出，該系列電影後來被整理成一本藝術批判散文集，作為伯格分析歐洲繪畫中對裸體嘅處理嘅一部分。呢個概念好快喺女性主義者之間流行起身，其中包括英國電影評論家勞拉·穆爾維。姖用「男性視角」來批評傳統媒體對電影中女性角色嘅表現方式^[6]。

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德同雅克·拉康嘅精神分析理論係穆爾維男性視角理論發展嘅基礎，因為佢地提供咗一個方便穆爾維解釋電影滿足咗對「視覺快感嘅原始願望」嘅視角^[7] 。作為一種點睇女性同世界嘅方式，對男性視角嘅精神分析理論涉及弗洛伊德同拉康提出嘅種種概念，例如「窺淫癖」同「觀看嘅快感」。窺淫癖同窺淫癖者呢兩個概念既指審美快感，又指由凝視某人或某物中獲得嘅性快感^[7]^:815 。

男性視角同女性視角喺概念上形成對比^[8]^[9] 。

男性視角嘅作品

男性作品係指以男性族群為訴求對象嘅作品，例如男性戀愛遊戲、漫畫等。

少年漫畫同埋青年漫畫好多作品係男女都鍾意睇、或者以女性族群為消費對象嘅作品，所以呢啲唔等於係男性作品，唯有可以明顯睇出對象係針對男性嘅作品先可以歸類為男性作品。

男性作品中包含一般男性鍾意嘅元素，表現手法同角色設定亦會特登迎合男性，所以作品中女性角色佔大部分，而且係唔係會有些少鹹濕嘅畫面（女性角色條裙俾風吹起露出底褲、直接或隱晦噉裸露女體、女性角色跌親時重要部位壓喺男性角色身體上面），而作品中人氣最高嘅大部分係女性，相較之下男性角色為咗增加觀眾嘅帶入感，特色相對唔係好明顯。

睇埋

女性視角

拎

↑ "Feminist Aesthetics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Winter 2012. 喺13 May 2015搵到. Assumes a standard point of view that is masculine and heterosexual. . . . The phrase 'male gaze' refers to the frequent framing of objects of visual art so that the viewer is situated in a masculine position of appreciation.
↑ That the male gaze applies to literature and to the visual arts: Łuczyńska-Hołdys, Małgorzata (2013). Soft-Shed Kisses: Re-visioning the Femme Fatale in English Poetry of the 19th Century, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 15.
↑ Eaton, E.W. (September 2008). "Feminist Philosophy of Art". Philosophy Compass. Wiley-Blackwell. 3 (5): 873–893. doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00154.x.
↑ Devereaux, Mary (1995). "Oppressive Texts, Resisting Readers, and the Gendered Spectator: The "New" Aesthetics". 出自 Brand, Peggy Z.; Korsmeyer, Carolyn (編). Feminism and tradition in aesthetics. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780271043968.
↑ Walters, Suzanna Danuta (1995). "Visual Pressures: On Gender and Looking". 出自 Walters, Suzanna Danuta (編). Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780520089778.
↑ A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, edited by Sharon L. James, Sheila Dillon, p. 75, 2012, Wiley, ISBN 1444355007, 9781444355000
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 1975). "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema". Screen. 16 (3): 6–18. doi:10.1093/screen/16.3.6.
↑ Sassatelli, Roberta (September 2011). "Interview with Laura Mulvey: Gender, Gaze and Technology in Film Culture". Theory, Culture & Society. 28 (5): 123–143. doi:10.1177/0263276411398278.
↑ Jacobsson, Eva-Maria (1999). A Female Gaze? (PDF) (報告). Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺2011-10-04.

日本流行文化在台灣與亞洲(II): Japanese Popular Culture in Taiwan and Asia, p.86

[1] "Feminist Aesthetics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Winter 2012. 喺13 May 2015搵到. Assumes a standard point of view that is masculine and heterosexual. . . . The phrase 'male gaze' refers to the frequent framing of objects of visual art so that the viewer is situated in a masculine position of appreciation.

[2] That the male gaze applies to literature and to the visual arts: Łuczyńska-Hołdys, Małgorzata (2013). Soft-Shed Kisses: Re-visioning the Femme Fatale in English Poetry of the 19th Century, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 15.

[3] Eaton, E.W. (September 2008). "Feminist Philosophy of Art". Philosophy Compass. Wiley-Blackwell. 3 (5): 873–893. doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00154.x.

[4] Devereaux, Mary (1995). "Oppressive Texts, Resisting Readers, and the Gendered Spectator: The "New" Aesthetics". 出自 Brand, Peggy Z.; Korsmeyer, Carolyn (編). Feminism and tradition in aesthetics. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780271043968.

[5] Walters, Suzanna Danuta (1995). "Visual Pressures: On Gender and Looking". 出自 Walters, Suzanna Danuta (編). Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780520089778.

[6] A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, edited by Sharon L. James, Sheila Dillon, p. 75, 2012, Wiley, ISBN 1444355007, 9781444355000

[mulvey1975-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 1975). "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema". Screen. 16 (3): 6–18. doi:10.1093/screen/16.3.6.

[interview-mulvey-2011-8] Sassatelli, Roberta (September 2011). "Interview with Laura Mulvey: Gender, Gaze and Technology in Film Culture". Theory, Culture & Society. 28 (5): 123–143. doi:10.1177/0263276411398278.

[jacobsson-9] Jacobsson, Eva-Maria (1999). A Female Gaze? (PDF) (報告). Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺2011-10-04.

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