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常用Unicode數學符號 編輯

← ↑ → ↓ ↔ ↕ ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ ↚ ↛ ↜ ↝ ↞ ↟

↠ ↡ ↢ ↣ ↤ ↥ ↦ ↧ ↨ ↩ ↪ ↫ ↬ ↭ ↮ ↯

↰ ↱ ↲ ↳ ↴ ↵ ↶ ↷ ↸ ↹ ↺ ↻ ↼ ↽ ↾ ↿

⇀ ⇁ ⇂ ⇃ ⇄ ⇅ ⇆ ⇇ ⇈ ⇉ ⇊ ⇋ ⇌ ⇍ ⇎ ⇏

⇐ ⇑ ⇒ ⇓ ⇔ ⇕ ⇖ ⇗ ⇘ ⇙ ⇚ ⇛ ⇜ ⇝ ⇞ ⇟

⇠ ⇡ ⇢ ⇣ ⇤ ⇥ ⇦ ⇧ ⇨ ⇩ ⇪ ⇫ ⇬ ⇭ ⇮ ⇯

⇰ ⇱ ⇲ ⇳ ⇴ ⇵ ⇶ ⇷ ⇸ ⇹ ⇺ ⇻ ⇼ ⇽ ⇾ ⇿

∀ ∁ ∂ ∃ ∄ ∅ ∆ ∇ ∈ ∉ ∊ ∋ ∌ ∍ ∎ ∏

∐ ∑ − ∓ ∔ ∕ ∖ ∗ ∘ ∙ √ ∛ ∜ ∝ ∞ ∟

∠ ∡ ∢ ∣ ∤ ∥ ∦ ∧ ∨ ∩ ∪ ∫ ∬ ∭ ∮ ∯

∰ ∱ ∲ ∳ ∴ ∵ ∶ ∷ ∸ ∹ ∺ ∻ ∼ ∽ ∾ ∿

≀ ≁ ≂ ≃ ≄ ≅ ≆ ≇ ≈ ≉ ≊ ≋ ≌ ≍ ≎ ≏

≐ ≑ ≒ ≓ ≔ ≕ ≖ ≗ ≘ ≙ ≚ ≛ ≜ ≝ ≞ ≟

≠ ≡ ≢ ≣ ≤ ≥ ≦ ≧ ≨ ≩ ≪ ≫ ≬ ≭ ≮ ≯

≰ ≱ ≲ ≳ ≴ ≵ ≶ ≷ ≸ ≹ ≺ ≻ ≼ ≽ ≾ ≿

⊀ ⊁ ⊂ ⊃ ⊄ ⊅ ⊆ ⊇ ⊈ ⊉ ⊊ ⊋ ⊌ ⊍ ⊎ ⊏

⊐ ⊑ ⊒ ⊓ ⊔ ⊕ ⊖ ⊗ ⊘ ⊙ ⊚ ⊛ ⊜ ⊝ ⊞ ⊟

⊠ ⊡ ⊢ ⊣ ⊤ ⊥ ⊦ ⊧ ⊨ ⊩ ⊪ ⊫ ⊬ ⊭ ⊮ ⊯

⊰ ⊱ ⊲ ⊳ ⊴ ⊵ ⊶ ⊷ ⊸ ⊹ ⊺ ⊻ ⊼ ⊽ ⊾ ⊿

⋀ ⋁ ⋂ ⋃ ⋄ ⋅ ⋆ ⋇ ⋈ ⋉ ⋊ ⋋ ⋌ ⋍ ⋎ ⋏

⋐ ⋑ ⋒ ⋓ ⋔ ⋕ ⋖ ⋗ ⋘ ⋙ ⋚ ⋛ ⋜ ⋝ ⋞ ⋟

⋠ ⋡ ⋢ ⋣ ⋤ ⋥ ⋦ ⋧ ⋨ ⋩ ⋪ ⋫ ⋬ ⋭ ⋮ ⋯

⋰ ⋱ ⋲ ⋳ ⋴ ⋵ ⌂ ⌆ ⌇ ⌈ ⌉ ⌊ ⌋ ⌐ ⌒ ⌠ ⌡ ⌢ ⌣ 〈 〉

Main alphabet 編輯

Below is a table listing the modern Greek letters, as well as their forms when romanized. The table also provides the equivalent Phoenician letter from which each Greek letter is derived. Transcribed pronunciations are using the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Also note that the classical pronunciations given below are the reconstructed pronunciations of Attic in the late 5th and early 4th century BC. Some of the letters had different pronunciations in pre-classical times or in non-Attic dialects. For details, see History of the Greek alphabet and Ancient Greek phonology. For details on post-classical Ancient Greek pronunciation, see Koine Greek phonology.

Letter Corresponding
Phoenician
letter
Name Transliteration1 Pronunciation Numeric
value
English Ancient
Greek
Medieval
Greek
(polytonic)
Template:Audio-nohelp Ancient
Greek
Modern
Greek
Classical
Ancient
Greek
Modern
Greek
Α α   Aleph Alpha ἄλφα άλφα a [a] [aː] [a] 1
Β β   Beth Beta βῆτα βήτα b v [b] [v] 2
Γ γ   Gimel Gamma γάμμα γάμμα
γάμα
g gh, g, j [ɡ] [ɣ], [ʝ] 3
Δ δ   Daleth Delta δέλτα δέλτα d d, dh, th [d] [ð] 4
Ε ε   He Epsilon ε ψιλόν έψιλον e [e] 5
Ζ ζ   Zayin Zeta ζῆτα ζήτα z [zd]
(or [dz])
later [zː]
[z] 7
Η η   Heth Eta ἦτα ήτα e, ē i [ɛː] [i] 8
Θ θ   Teth Theta θῆτα θήτα th [tʰ] [θ] 9
Ι ι ℩   Yodh Iota ἰῶτα ιώτα
γιώτα
i [i] [iː] [i], [ʝ] 10
Κ κ   Kaph Kappa κάππα κάππα
κάπα
k [k] [k], [c] 20
Λ λ   Lamedh Lamda λάβδα λάμβδα λάμδα
λάμβδα
l [l] 30
Μ μ   Mem Mu μῦ μι
μυ
m [m] 40
Ν ν   Nun Nu νῦ νι
νυ
n [n] 50
Ξ ξ   Samekh Xi ξεῖ ξῖ ξι x x, ks [ks] 60
Ο ο   'Ayin Omicron οὖ ὂ μικρόν όμικρον o [o] 70
Π π   Pe Pi πεῖ πῖ πι p [p] 80
Ρ ρ   Resh Rho ῥῶ ρω r (: rh) r [r], [r̥] [r] 100
Σ σ ς   Sin Sigma σῖγμα σίγμα s [s] 200
Τ τ   Taw Tau ταῦ ταυ t [t] 300
Υ υ   Waw Upsilon ὖ ψιλόν ύψιλον u, y y, v, f [y] [yː]
(earlier [ʉ] [ʉː])
[i] 400
Φ φ origin disputed
(see text)
Phi φεῖ φῖ φι ph f [pʰ] [f] 500
Χ χ Chi χεῖ χῖ χι ch ch, kh [kʰ] [x], [ç] 600
Ψ ψ Psi ψεῖ ψῖ ψι ps [ps] 700
Ω ω   'Ayin Omega ὦ μέγα ωμέγα o, ō o [ɔː] [o] 800
  1. For details and different transliteration systems see Romanization of Greek.
  2. Used only in the middle of a word.
  3. Used only in the end of a word.

Obsolete letters 編輯

The following letters are not part of the standard Greek alphabet, but were in use in pre-classical times or in certain dialects. The letters digamma, stigma, heta, yot, san, koppa, sampi, sho were also used in Greek numerals.

Letter Corresponding
Phoenician
letter
Name Transliteration Pronunciation Numeric value
English Archaic
Greek
Later
Greek
(polytonic)
Ϝ ϝ Ͷ ͷ   Waw Digamma ϝίγάμμα δίγάμμα v, w [v],[w] 6
Ϛ ϛ   Waw Stigma ϛῖγμα στίγμα st [st] 6
Ͱ ͱ   Heth Heta ͱἦτα χήτα h [h] 8
Ϳ ϳ   Yodh Yot ϳῶτ ιώτ j [j] 10
Ϻ ϻ   Tsade (position)
  Sin (name)
San ϻάν σάν s (ŝ) [s] 90
Ϙ ϙ Ϟ ϟ   Qoph Koppa ϙόππα κόππα k (q before u, o) [k] ([q]) 90
Ͳ ͳ Ϡ ϡ   Tsade Sampi ͳαμπῖ σαμπι s (affricate,variable,like ss, ks, ts) [s] ([sː], [ks], [ts]) 900
Ϸ ϸ   Sin Sho ϸῶ σχω sh (š) [ʃ] 900
  • Digamma disappeared from the alphabet because the sound it notated had disappeared from Ionic and most other dialects.
  • Stigma first appeared in medieval manuscripts.
  • Heta was used in Heracleia and Tarentum to write [h].
  • Yot is used in Hellenic Phonetic Alphabet.
  • San should be regarded as an early variant of sigma.
  • Koppa notated an allophone of kappa found before back vowels.
  • Sampi notated a geminate fricative that later evolved to -σσ- (probably [sː]) in most dialects.
  • Sho was used in the Bactrian language to write [ʃ].

The order of the letters up to the letter Τ follows that in the Phoenician or Hebrew alphabet. The complete sequence including the obsolete letters is as follows: allkeys.txt