User:R. Hillgentleman/wikipedia.py

LICENCE: MIT-license http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/pywikipedia/trunk/pywikipedia/LICENSE

廣東話機械人嘅碼 編輯

# -*- coding: utf-8  -*-
"""
Library to get and put pages on a MediaWiki.

Contents of the library (objects and functions to be used outside)

Classes:
    Page(site, title): A page on a MediaWiki site
    ImagePage(site, title): An image descriptor Page
    Site(lang, fam): A MediaWiki site

Factory functions:
    Family(name): Import the named family
    getSite(lang, fam): Return a Site instance

Exceptions:
    Error:              Base class for all exceptions in this module
    NoUsername:         Username is not in user-config.py
    NoPage:             Page does not exist on the wiki
    IsRedirectPage:     Page is a redirect page
    IsNotRedirectPage:  Page is not a redirect page
    LockedPage:         Page is locked
    LockedNoPage:       Page does not exist, and creating it is not
                        possible because of a lock (subclass of NoPage and
                        LockedPage)
    SectionError:       The section specified in the Page title does not exist
    PageNotSaved:       Saving the page has failed
      EditConflict:     PageNotSaved due to edit conflict while uploading
      SpamfilterError:  PageNotSaved due to MediaWiki spam filter
    ServerError:        Got unexpected response from wiki server
    BadTitle:           Server responded with BadTitle
    UserBlocked:        Client's username or IP has been blocked
    PageNotFound:       Page not found in list

Objects:
    get_throttle:       Call to limit rate of read-access to wiki
    put_throttle:       Call to limit rate of write-access to wiki

Other functions:
    getall(): Load a group of pages via Special:Export
    handleArgs(): Process all standard command line arguments (such as
        -family, -lang, -log and others)
    translate(xx, dict): dict is a dictionary, giving text depending on
        language, xx is a language. Returns the text in the most applicable
        language for the xx: wiki
    setAction(text): Use 'text' instead of "Wikipedia python library" in
        edit summaries
    setUserAgent(text): Sets the string being passed to the HTTP server as
        the User-agent: header. Defaults to 'Pywikipediabot/1.0'.

    output(text): Prints the text 'text' in the encoding of the user's
        console. **Use this instead of "print" statements**
    input(text): Asks input from the user, printing the text 'text' first.
    inputChoice: Shows user a list of choices and returns user's selection.

    showDiff(oldtext, newtext): Prints the differences between oldtext and
        newtext on the screen
    datafilepath: Return an absolute path to a data file in a standard
        location.
    shortpath: Return a relative form of the data file pathname.
    
Wikitext manipulation functions: each of these takes a unicode string
containing wiki text as its first argument, and returns a modified version
of the text unless otherwise noted --

    replaceExcept: replace all instances of 'old' by 'new', skipping any
        instances of 'old' within comments and other special text blocks
    removeDisabledParts: remove text portions exempt from wiki markup
    isDisabled(text,index): return boolean indicating whether text[index] is
        within a non-wiki-markup section of text
    decodeEsperantoX: decode Esperanto text using the x convention.
    encodeEsperantoX: convert wikitext to the Esperanto x-encoding.
    sectionencode: encode text for use as a section title in wiki-links.

Wikitext manipulation functions for interlanguage links:

    getLanguageLinks(text,xx): extract interlanguage links from text and
        return in a dict
    removeLanguageLinks(text): remove all interlanguage links from text
    replaceLanguageLinks(oldtext, new): remove the language links and
        replace them with links from a dict like the one returned by
        getLanguageLinks
    interwikiFormat(links): convert a dict of interlanguage links to text
        (using same dict format as getLanguageLinks)
    url2link: Convert urlname of a wiki page into interwiki link format.

Wikitext manipulation functions for category links:

    getCategoryLinks(text): return list of Category objects corresponding
        to links in text
    removeCategoryLinks(text): remove all category links from text
    replaceCategoryLinks(oldtext,new): replace the category links in oldtext by
        those in a list of Category objects
    replaceCategoryInPlace(text,oldcat,newtitle): replace a single link to
        oldcat with a link to category given by newtitle
    categoryFormat(links): return a string containing links to all
        Categories in a list.

Unicode utility functions:
    UnicodeToAsciiHtml: Convert unicode to a bytestring using HTML entities.
    url2unicode: Convert url-encoded text to unicode using a site's encoding.
    unicode2html: Ensure unicode string is encodable; if not, convert to
        ASCII for HTML.
    html2unicode: Replace HTML entities in text with unicode characters.

stopme(): Put this on a bot when it is not or not communicating with the Wiki
    any longer. It will remove the bot from the list of running processes,
    and thus not slow down other bot threads anymore.

"""
from __future__ import generators
#
# (C) Pywikipedia bot team, 2003-2007
#
# Distributed under the terms of the MIT license.
#
__version__ = '$Id$'

import os, sys
import httplib, socket, urllib
import traceback
import time, threading, Queue
import math
import re, md5, codecs, difflib, locale
import xml.sax, xml.sax.handler
import htmlentitydefs
import warnings
import unicodedata
import xmlreader
from BeautifulSoup import *
import simplejson

# Set the locale to system default. This will ensure correct string
# handling for non-latin characters on Python 2.3.x. For Python 2.4.x it's no
# longer needed.
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')

import config, login

try:
    set # introduced in Python2.4: faster and future
except NameError:
    from sets import Set as set

# Check Unicode support (is this a wide or narrow python build?)
# See http://www.python.org/doc/peps/pep-0261/
try:
    unichr(66365)  # a character in th: alphabet, uses 32 bit encoding
    WIDEBUILD = True
except ValueError:
    WIDEBUILD = False

# Local exceptions

class Error(Exception):
    """Wikipedia error"""

class NoUsername(Error):
    """Username is not in user-config.py"""

class NoPage(Error):
    """Page does not exist"""

class IsRedirectPage(Error):
    """Page is a redirect page"""

class IsNotRedirectPage(Error):
    """Page is not a redirect page"""

class LockedPage(Error):
    """Page is locked"""

class LockedNoPage(NoPage, LockedPage):
    """Page does not exist, and creating it is not possible because of a lock."""

class SectionError(Error):
    """The section specified by # does not exist"""

class PageNotSaved(Error):
    """Saving the page has failed"""

class EditConflict(PageNotSaved):
    """There has been an edit conflict while uploading the page"""

class SpamfilterError(PageNotSaved):
    """Saving the page has failed because the MediaWiki spam filter detected a blacklisted URL."""
    def __init__(self, arg):
        self.url = arg
        self.args = arg,

class ServerError(Error):
    """Got unexpected server response"""

class BadTitle(Error):
    """Server responded with BadTitle."""

# UserBlocked exceptions should in general not be caught. If the bot has
# been blocked, the bot operator should address the reason for the block
# before continuing.
class UserBlocked(Error):
    """Your username or IP has been blocked"""

class PageNotFound(Error):
    """Page not found in list"""

SaxError = xml.sax._exceptions.SAXParseException

# Pre-compile re expressions
reNamespace = re.compile("^(.+?) *: *(.*)$")
Rwatch = re.compile(
         r"<input type='hidden' value=\"(.*?)\" name=\"wpEditToken\"")
Rwatchlist = re.compile(r"<input tabindex='[\d]+' type='checkbox' "
                        r"name='wpWatchthis' checked='checked'")
Rlink = re.compile(r'\[\[(?P<title>[^\]\|]*)(\|[^\]]*)?\]\]')


class Page(object):
    """Page: A MediaWiki page

    Constructor has two required parameters:
      1) The wikimedia Site on which the page resides
      2) The title of the page as a unicode string

    Optional parameters:
      insite - the wikimedia Site where this link was found (to help decode
               interwiki links)
      defaultNamespace - A namespace to use if the link does not contain one

    Methods available:
    
    title                 : The name of the page, including namespace and
                            section if any
    urlname               : Title, in a form suitable for a URL
    namespace             : The namespace in which the page is found
    titleWithoutNamespace : Title, with the namespace part removed
    section               : The section of the page (the part of the title
                            after '#', if any)
    sectionFreeTitle      : Title, without the section part
    aslink                : Title in the form [[Title]] or [[lang:Title]]
    site                  : The wiki this page is in
    encoding              : The encoding of the page
    isAutoTitle           : Title can be translated using the autoFormat method
    autoFormat            : Auto-format certain dates and other standard
                            format page titles
    isCategory            : True if the page is a category
    isDisambig (*)        : True if the page is a disambiguation page
    isImage               : True if the page is an image
    isRedirectPage (*)    : True if the page is a redirect, false otherwise
    getRedirectTarget (*) : The page the page redirects to
    isTalkPage            : True if the page is in any "talk" namespace
    toggleTalkPage        : Return the talk page (if this is one, return the
                            non-talk page)
    get (*)               : The text of the page
    latestRevision (*)    : The page's current revision id
    userName              : Last user to edit page
    isIpEdit              : True if last editor was unregistered
    editTime              : Timestamp of the last revision to the page
    previousRevision (*)  : The revision id of the previous version
    permalink (*)         : The url of the permalink of the current version
    getOldVersion(id) (*) : The text of a previous version of the page
    getVersionHistory     : Load the version history information from wiki
    getVersionHistoryTable: Create a wiki table from the history data
    fullVersionHistory    : Return all past versions including wikitext
    contributingUsers     : Return set of users who have edited page
    exists (*)            : True if the page actually exists, false otherwise
    isEmpty (*)           : True if the page has 4 characters or less content,
                            not counting interwiki and category links
    interwiki (*)         : The interwiki links from the page (list of Pages)
    categories (*)        : The categories the page is in (list of Pages)
    linkedPages (*)       : The normal pages linked from the page (list of
                            Pages)
    imagelinks (*)        : The pictures on the page (list of ImagePages)
    templates (*)         : All templates referenced on the page (list of
                            Pages)
    templatesWithParams(*): All templates on the page, with list of parameters
    isDisambig (*)        : True if the page is a disambiguation page
    getReferences         : List of pages linking to the page
    canBeEdited (*)       : True if page is unprotected or user has edit
                            privileges
    botMayEdit (*)        : True if bot is allowed to edit page
    put(newtext)          : Saves the page
    put_async(newtext)    : Queues the page to be saved asynchronously
    move                  : Move the page to another title
    delete                : Deletes the page (requires being logged in)
    protect               : Protect or unprotect a page (requires sysop status)
    removeImage           : Remove all instances of an image from this page
    replaceImage          : Replace all instances of an image with another
    loadDeletedRevisions  : Load all deleted versions of this page
    getDeletedRevision    : Return a particular deleted revision
    markDeletedRevision   : Mark a version to be undeleted, or not
    undelete              : Undelete past version(s) of the page

    (*) : This loads the page if it has not been loaded before; permalink might
          even reload it if it has been loaded before

    """
    def __init__(self, site, title, insite=None, defaultNamespace=0):
        try:
            # if _editrestriction is True, it means that the page has been found
            # to have an edit restriction, but we do not know yet whether the
            # restriction affects us or not
            self._editrestriction = False

            if site == None:
                site = getSite()
            elif type(site) in [type(''), type(u'')]:
                site = getSite(site)

            self._site = site

            if not insite:
                insite = site

            # Convert HTML entities to unicode
            t = html2unicode(title)

            # Convert URL-encoded characters to unicode
            # Sometimes users copy the link to a site from one to another. Try both the source site and the destination site to decode.
            t = url2unicode(t, site = insite, site2 = site)

            # Normalize unicode string to a NFC (composed) format to allow proper string comparisons
            # According to http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/branches/REL1_6/phase3/includes/normal/UtfNormal.php?view=markup
            # the mediawiki code normalizes everything to NFC, not NFKC (which might result in information loss).
            t = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', t)

            # Clean up the name, it can come from anywhere.
            # Replace underscores by spaces, also multiple spaces and underscores with a single space
            # Strip spaces at both ends
            t = re.sub('[ _]+', ' ', t).strip()
            # leading colon implies main namespace instead of the default
            if t.startswith(':'):
                t = t[1:]
                self._namespace = 0
            else:
                self._namespace = defaultNamespace

            #
            # This code was adapted from Title.php : secureAndSplit()
            #
            # Namespace or interwiki prefix
            while True:
                m = reNamespace.match(t)
                if not m:
                    break
                p = m.group(1)
                lowerNs = p.lower()
                ns = self.site().getNamespaceIndex(lowerNs)
                if ns:
                    t = m.group(2)
                    self._namespace = ns
                    break
                else:
                    if lowerNs in self.site().family.langs.keys():
                        # Interwiki link
                        t = m.group(2)

                        # Redundant interwiki prefix to the local wiki
                        if lowerNs == self.site().lang:
                            if t == '':
                                raise Error("Can't have an empty self-link")
                        else:
                            self._site = getSite(lowerNs, self.site().family.name)

                        # If there's an initial colon after the interwiki, that also
                        # resets the default namespace
                        if t != '' and t[0] == ':':
                            self._namespace = 0
                            t = t[1:]
                    elif lowerNs in self.site().family.get_known_families(site = self.site()):
                        if self.site().family.get_known_families(site = self.site())[lowerNs] == self.site().family.name:
                            t = m.group(2)
                        else:
                            # This page is from a different family
                            output(u"Target link '%s' has different family '%s'" % (title, lowerNs))
                            otherlang = self.site().lang
                            if lowerNs in ['commons']:
                                otherlang = lowerNs
                            familyName = self.site().family.get_known_families(site = self.site())[lowerNs]
                            try:
                                self._site = getSite(otherlang, familyName)
                            except ValueError:
                                raise NoPage("""\
%s is not a local page on %s, and the %s family is
not supported by PyWikipediaBot!"""
                                            % (title, self.site(), familyName))
                            t = m.group(2)
                    else:
                        # If there's no recognized interwiki or namespace,
                        # then let the colon expression be part of the title.
                        break
                continue

            sectionStart = t.find(u'#')
            if sectionStart >= 0:
                self._section = t[sectionStart+1:].strip()
                self._section = sectionencode(self._section, self.site().encoding())
                if self._section == u'': self._section = None
                t = t[:sectionStart].strip()
            else:
                self._section = None

            if len(t) > 0:
                if not self.site().nocapitalize:
                    t = t[0].upper() + t[1:]
    #        else:
    #            output(u"DBG>>> Strange title: %s:%s" % (site.lang, title) )

            if self._namespace != 0:
                t = self.site().namespace(self._namespace) + u':' + t

            if self._section:
                t += u'#' + self._section

            self._title = t
            self.editRestriction = None
            self._permalink = None
            self._userName = None
            self._ipedit = None
            self._editTime = None
            self._deletedRevs = None
        except:
            print >>sys.stderr, "Exception in Page constructor"
            print >>sys.stderr, (
                "site=%s, title=%s, insite=%s, defaultNamespace=%i"
                % (site, title, insite, defaultNamespace)
            )
            raise

    def site(self):
        """Return the Site object for the wiki on which this Page resides."""
        return self._site

    def encoding(self):
        """Return the character encoding used on this Page's wiki Site."""
        return self._site.encoding()

    def title(self, underscore = False, savetitle = False):
        """Return the title of this Page, as a Unicode string.

        If underscore is True, replace all ' ' characters with '_'.
        If savetitle is True, try to quote all non-ASCII characters.
        """
        title = self._title
        if savetitle: # Ensure there's no wiki syntax in the title
            if title.find("''") > -1:
                try:
                    title = urllib.quote(title).replace('%20',' ')
                except KeyError:
                    # We can't encode everything; to be on the safe side,
                    # we encode nothing
                    pass
        if underscore:
            title = title.replace(' ', '_')
        return title

    def titleWithoutNamespace(self, underscore=False):
        """Return title of Page without namespace and without section."""
        if self.namespace() == 0:
            return self.sectionFreeTitle(underscore=underscore)
        else:
            return self.sectionFreeTitle(underscore=underscore).split(':', 1)[1]

    def section(self, underscore = False):
        """Return the name of the section this Page refers to.

        The section is the part of the title following a '#' character, if any.
        If no section is present, return None.
        """
        return self._section

    def sectionFreeTitle(self, underscore=False):
        """Return the title of this Page, without the section (if any)."""
        sectionName = self.section(underscore=underscore)
        title = self.title(underscore=underscore)
        if sectionName:
            return title[:-len(sectionName)-1]
        else:
            return title

    def urlname(self):
        """Return the Page title encoded for use in an URL."""
        title = self.title(underscore = True)
        encodedTitle = title.encode(self.site().encoding())
        return urllib.quote(encodedTitle)

    def __str__(self):
        """Return a console representation of the pagelink."""
        return self.aslink().encode(config.console_encoding, 'replace')

    def __repr__(self):
        """Return a more complete string representation."""
        return "%s{%s}" % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))

    def aslink(self, forceInterwiki=False, textlink=False):
        """Return a string representation in the form of a wikilink.

        If forceInterwiki is True, return an interwiki link even if it
        points to the home wiki. If False, return an interwiki link only if
        needed.

        If textlink is True, always return a link in text form (that
        is, links to the Category: and Image: namespaces will be preceded by
        a : character). (Not needed if forceInterwiki is True.)
        
        """
        if forceInterwiki or self.site() != getSite():
            if self.site().family != getSite().family:
                return u'[[%s:%s:%s]]' % (self.site().family.name, self.site().lang, self.title(savetitle=True))
            else:
                return u'[[%s:%s]]' % (self.site().lang, self.title(savetitle=True))
        elif textlink and (self.isImage() or self.isCategory()):
                return u'[[:%s]]' % self.title()
        else:
            return u'[[%s]]' % self.title()

    def autoFormat(self):
        """Return (dictName, value) if title is in date.autoFormat dictionary.

        Value can be a year, date, etc., and dictName is 'YearBC',
        'Year_December', or another dictionary name. Please note that two
        entries may have exactly the same autoFormat, but be in two
        different namespaces, as some sites have categories with the
        same names. Regular titles return (None, None).

        """
        if not hasattr(self, '_autoFormat'):
            import date
            _autoFormat = date.getAutoFormat(self.site().language(),
                                             self.titleWithoutNamespace())
        return _autoFormat

    def isAutoTitle(self):
        """Return True if title of this Page is in the autoFormat dictionary."""
        return self.autoFormat()[0] is not None

    def get(self, force=False, get_redirect=False, throttle=True,
            sysop=False, nofollow_redirects=False, change_edit_time=True):
        """Return the wiki-text of the page.

        This will retrieve the page from the server if it has not been
        retrieved yet, or if force is True. This can raise the following
        exceptions that should be caught by the calling code:

            NoPage: The page does not exist
            IsRedirectPage: The page is a redirect. The argument of the
                            exception is the title of the page it redirects to.
            SectionError: The subject does not exist on a page with a # link

        If get_redirect is True, return the redirect text and save the
        target of the redirect, do not raise an exception.
        If force is True, reload all page attributes, including
        errors.
        If nofollow_redirects is True, ignore redirects entirely (do not
        raise an exception for redirects but do not mark the page as a
        redirect or save the redirect target page).
        If change_edit_time is False, do not check this version for changes
        before saving. This should be used only if the page has been loaded
        previously.

        """
        # NOTE: The following few NoPage exceptions could already be thrown at
        # the Page() constructor. They are raised here instead for convenience,
        # because all scripts are prepared for NoPage exceptions raised by
        # get(), but not for such raised by the constructor.
        # \ufffd represents a badly encoded character, the other characters are
        # disallowed by MediaWiki.
        for illegalChar in u'#<>[]|{}\n\ufffd':
            if illegalChar in self.sectionFreeTitle():
                if verbose:
                    output(u'Illegal character in %s!' % self.aslink())
                raise NoPage('Illegal character in %s!' % self.aslink())
        if self.namespace() == -1:
            raise NoPage('%s is in the Special namespace!' % self.aslink())
        if self.site().isInterwikiLink(self.title()):
            raise NoPage('%s is not a local page on %s!'
                         % (self.aslink(), self.site()))
        if force:
            # When forcing, we retry the page no matter what. Old exceptions
            # and contents do not apply any more.
            for attr in ['_redirarg', '_getexception', '_contents']:
                if hasattr(self, attr):
                    delattr(self,attr)
        else:
            # Make sure we re-raise an exception we got on an earlier attempt
            if hasattr(self, '_redirarg') and not get_redirect and not nofollow_redirects:
                raise IsRedirectPage, self._redirarg
            elif hasattr(self, '_getexception'):
                if self._getexception == IsRedirectPage and get_redirect:
                    pass
                elif self._getexception == IsRedirectPage and nofollow_redirects:
                    pass
                else:
                    raise self._getexception
        # Make sure we did try to get the contents once
        if not hasattr(self, '_contents'):
            try:
                self._contents, self._isWatched, self.editRestriction = self._getEditPage(get_redirect = get_redirect, throttle = throttle, sysop = sysop, nofollow_redirects=nofollow_redirects)
                hn = self.section()
                if hn:
                    m = re.search("=+ *%s *=+" % hn, self._contents)
                    if verbose and not m:
                        output(u"WARNING: Section does not exist: %s" % self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))
                if self.site().lang == 'eo':
                    self._contents = decodeEsperantoX(self._contents)
            # Store any exceptions for later reference
            except NoPage:
                self._getexception = NoPage
                raise
            except IsRedirectPage, arg:
                self._getexception = IsRedirectPage
                self._redirarg = arg
                if not get_redirect and not nofollow_redirects:
                    raise
            except SectionError:
                self._getexception = SectionError
                raise
        return self._contents

    def _getEditPage(self, get_redirect=False, throttle=True, sysop=False,
                     oldid=None, nofollow_redirects=False,
                     change_edit_time=True):
        """Get the contents of the Page via the edit page.

        Do not use this directly, use get() instead.

        Arguments:
            oldid - Retrieve an old revision (by id), not the current one
            get_redirect  - Get the contents, even if it is a redirect page

        This method returns a 3-tuple containing the raw wiki text as a
        unicode string, the watchlist status, and any edit restrictions.
        
        """
        isWatched = False
        editRestriction = None
        if verbose:
            output(u'Getting page %s' % self.aslink())
        path = self.site().edit_address(self.urlname())
        if oldid:
            path = path + "&oldid="+oldid
        # Make sure Brion doesn't get angry by waiting if the last time a page
        # was retrieved was not long enough ago.
        if throttle:
            get_throttle()
        textareaFound = False
        retry_idle_time = 1
        while not textareaFound:
            text = self.site().getUrl(path, sysop = sysop)

            # Because language lists are filled in a lazy way in the family
            # files of Wikimedia projects (using Family.knownlanguages), you
            # may encounter pages from non-existing wikis such as
            # http://eo.wikisource.org/
            if text.find("<title>Wiki does not exist</title>") != -1:
                raise NoPage(u'Wiki %s does not exist yet' % self.site())

            #Check for new messages
            if '<div class="usermessage">' in text:
                self.site().messages=True
            else:
                self.site().messages=False
            # Extract the actual text from the textarea
            try:
                i1 = re.search('<textarea[^>]*>', text).end()
                i2 = re.search('</textarea>', text).start()
                textareaFound = True
            except AttributeError:
                # find out if the username or IP has been blocked
                if text.find(self.site().mediawiki_message('blockedtitle')) != -1:
                    raise UserBlocked(self.site(), self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))
                # If there is no text area and the heading is 'View Source',
                # it is a non-existent page with a title protected via
                # cascading protection.
                # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protected_titles
                # and http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gesperrte_Lemmata
                elif text.find(self.site().mediawiki_message('viewsource')) != -1:
                    raise LockedNoPage(u'%s does not exist, and it is blocked via cascade protection.' % self.aslink())
                # search for 'Login required to edit' message
                elif text.find(self.site().mediawiki_message('whitelistedittitle')) != -1:
                    raise LockedNoPage(u'Page editing is forbidden for anonymous users.')
                # on wikipedia:en, anonymous users can't create new articles.
                # older MediaWiki versions don't have the 'nocreatetitle' message.
                elif self.site().has_mediawiki_message('nocreatetitle') and text.find(self.site().mediawiki_message('nocreatetitle')) != -1:
                    raise LockedNoPage(u'%s does not exist, and page creation is forbidden for anonymous users.' % self.aslink())
                elif text.find('var wgPageName = "Special:Badtitle";') != -1:
                    raise BadTitle('BadTitle: %s' % self)
                else:
                    output( unicode(text) )
                    # We assume that the server is down. Wait some time, then try again.
                    output( u"WARNING: No text area found on %s%s. Maybe the server is down. Retrying in %i minutes..." % (self.site().hostname(), path, retry_idle_time) )
                    time.sleep(retry_idle_time * 60)
                    # Next time wait longer, but not longer than half an hour
                    retry_idle_time *= 2
                    if retry_idle_time > 30:
                        retry_idle_time = 30
        # We now know that there is a textarea.
        # Look for the edit token
        tokenloc = Rwatch.search(text)
        if tokenloc:
            self.site().putToken(tokenloc.group(1), sysop = sysop)
        elif not self.site().getToken(getalways = False):
            self.site().putToken('', sysop = sysop)
        if change_edit_time:
            # Get timestamps
            m = re.search('value="(\d+)" name=["\']wpEdittime["\']', text)
            if m:
                self._editTime = m.group(1)
            else:
                self._editTime = "0"
            m = re.search('value="(\d+)" name=["\']wpStarttime["\']', text)
            if m:
                self._startTime = m.group(1)
            else:
                self._startTime = "0"
        # Find out if page actually exists. Only existing pages have a
        # version history tab.
        if self.site().family.RversionTab(self.site().language()):
            # In case a family does not have version history tabs, or in
            # another form
            RversionTab = re.compile(self.site().family.RversionTab(self.site().language()))
        else:
            RversionTab = re.compile(r'<li id="ca-history"><a href=".*?title=.*?&amp;action=history".*?>.*?</a></li>')
        matchVersionTab = RversionTab.search(text)
        if not matchVersionTab:
            raise NoPage(self.site(), self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))
        # Look if the page is on our watchlist
        matchWatching = Rwatchlist.search(text)
        if matchWatching:
            isWatched = True
        # Now process the contents of the textarea
        if self._editTime == "0":
            if verbose:
                output(u"DBG> page may be locked?!")
            editRestriction = 'sysop'
        m = self.site().redirectRegex().match(text[i1:i2])
        if m:
            # page text matches the redirect pattern
            if self.section():
                redirtarget = "%s#%s" % (m.group(1), self.section())
            else:
                redirtarget = m.group(1)
            if get_redirect:
                self._redirarg = redirtarget
            elif not nofollow_redirects:
                raise IsRedirectPage(redirtarget)
        if self.section():
            # TODO: What the hell is this? Docu please.
            m = re.search("\.3D\_*(\.27\.27+)?(\.5B\.5B)?\_*%s\_*(\.5B\.5B)?(\.27\.27+)?\_*\.3D" % re.escape(self.section()), sectionencode(text,self.site().encoding()))
            if not m:
                try:
                    self._getexception
                except AttributeError:
                    raise SectionError # Page has no section by this name
        x = text[i1:i2]
        x = unescape(x)
        while x and x[-1] in '\n ':
            x = x[:-1]

        return x, isWatched, editRestriction

    def getOldVersion(self, oldid, force=False, get_redirect=False,
                      throttle=True, sysop=False, nofollow_redirects=False,
                      change_edit_time=True):
        """Return text of an old revision of this page; same options as get()."""
        # TODO: should probably check for bad pagename, NoPage, and other
        # exceptions that would prevent retrieving text, as get() does
        return self._getEditPage(
                        get_redirect=get_redirect, throttle=throttle,
                        sysop=sysop, oldid=oldid,
                        nofollow_redirects=nofollow_redirects,
                        change_edit_time=change_edit_time
                    )[0]

    def permalink(self):
        """Return the permalink URL for current revision of this page."""
        return "%s://%s%s&oldid=%i" % (self.site().protocol(),
                                       self.site().hostname(),
                                       self.site().get_address(self.title()),
                                       self.latestRevision())

    def latestRevision(self):
        """Return the latest revision id for this page."""
        if not self._permalink:
            # When we get the page with getall, the permalink is received
            # automatically
            getall(self.site(),[self],force=True)
        return int(self._permalink)

    def previousRevision(self):
        """Return the revision id for the previous revision of this Page."""
        vh = self.getVersionHistory(revCount=2)
        return vh[1][0]

    def exists(self):
        """Return True if page exists on the wiki, even if it's a redirect.

        If the title includes a section, return False if this section isn't
        found.

        """
        try:
            self.get()
        except NoPage:
            return False
        except IsRedirectPage:
            return True
        except SectionError:
            return False
        return True

    def isRedirectPage(self):
        """Return True if this is a redirect, False if not or not existing."""
        try:
            self.get()
        except NoPage:
            return False
        except IsRedirectPage:
            return True
        except SectionError:
            return False
        return False

    def isEmpty(self):
        """Return True if the page text has less than 4 characters.

        Character count ignores language links and category links.
        Can raise the same exceptions as get().
        
        """
        txt = self.get()
        txt = removeLanguageLinks(txt)
        txt = removeCategoryLinks(txt, site = self.site())
        if len(txt) < 4:
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def isTalkPage(self):
        """Return True if this page is in any talk namespace."""
        ns = self.namespace()
        return ns >= 0 and ns % 2 == 1

    def botMayEdit(self):
        """Return True if this page allows bots to edit it.
        
        This will be True if the page doesn't contain {{bots}} or
        {{nobots}}, or it contains them and the active bot is allowed to
        edit this page. (This method is only useful on those sites that
        recognize the bot-exclusion protocol; on other sites, it will always
        return True.)

        The framework enforces this restriction by default. It is possible
        to override this by setting ignore_bot_templates=True in
        user_config.py, or using page.put(force=True).
        
        """
        if config.ignore_bot_templates: #Check the "master ignore switch"
            return True

        try:
            templates = self.templatesWithParams();
        except (NoPage, IsRedirectPage, SectionError):
            return True

        try:
            if self.editRestriction:
                self.site().forceLogin(sysop=True)
            else:
                self.site().forceLogin()
            username = self.site()._loggedInAs
        except NoUsername:
            username = None

        for template in templates:
            if template[0] == 'Nobots':
                return False
            elif template[0] == 'Bots':
                if len(template[1]) == 0:
                    return True
                else:
                    (type, bots) = template[1][0].split('=', 1)
                    bots = bots.split(',')
                    if type == 'allow':
                        if 'all' in bots or username in bots:
                            return True
                        else:
                            return False
                    if type == 'deny':
                        if 'all' in bots or username in bots:
                            return False
                        else:
                            return True
        # no restricting template found
        return True

    def userName(self):
        """Return name or IP address of last user to edit page.

        Returns None unless page was retrieved with getAll().

        """
        return self._userName

    def isIpEdit(self):
        """Return True if last editor was unregistered.

        Returns None unless page was retrieved with getAll().
        
        """
        return self._ipedit

    def editTime(self):
        """Return timestamp (in MediaWiki format) of last revision to page.

        Returns None if last edit time is unknown.

        """
        return self._editTime

    def namespace(self):
        """Return the number of the namespace of the page.

        Only recognizes those namespaces defined in family.py.
        If not defined, it will return 0 (the main namespace).

        """
        return self._namespace

    def isCategory(self):
        """Return True if the page is a Category, False otherwise."""
        return self.namespace() == 14

    def isImage(self):
        """Return True if this is an image description page, False otherwise."""
        return self.namespace() == 6

    def isDisambig(self):
        """Return True if this is a disambiguation page, False otherwise.

        Relies on the presence of specific templates, identified in the Family
        file, to identify disambiguation pages.

        """
        if not hasattr(self, '_isDisambig'):
            locdis = self.site().family.disambig( self._site.lang )

            for tn in self.templates():
                try:
                    tn = tn[0].upper() + tn[1:]
                except IndexError:
                    # len(tn) < 2
                    tn = tn.upper()
                tn = tn.replace('_', ' ')
                if tn in locdis:
                    _isDisambig = True
                    break
            else:
                _isDisambig = False
        return _isDisambig

    def getReferences(self,
            follow_redirects=True, withTemplateInclusion=True,
            onlyTemplateInclusion=False, redirectsOnly=False):
        """Yield all pages that link to the page.

        If you need a full list of referring pages, use this:
            pages = [page for page in s.getReferences()]

        Parameters:
        * follow_redirects      - if True, also returns pages that link to a
                                  redirect pointing to the page.
        * withTemplateInclusion - if True, also returns pages where self is
                                  used as a template.
        * onlyTemplateInclusion - if True, only returns pages where self is
                                  used as a template.
        * redirectsOnly         - if True, only returns redirects to self.
        
        """
        # Temporary bug-fix while researching more robust solution:
        if config.special_page_limit > 999:
            config.special_page_limit = 999
        site = self.site()
        path = self.site().references_address(self.urlname())
        content = SoupStrainer("div", id=self.site().family.content_id)
        try:
            next_msg = self.site().mediawiki_message('whatlinkshere-next')
        except KeyError:
            next_msg = "next %i" % config.special_page_limit
        plural = (config.special_page_limit == 1) and "\\1" or "\\2"
        next_msg = re.sub(r"{{PLURAL:\$1\|(.*?)\|(.*?)}}", plural, next_msg)
        nextpattern = re.compile("^%s$" % next_msg.replace("$1", "[0-9]+"))
        delay = 1
        if self.site().has_mediawiki_message("Isredirect"):
            self._isredirectmessage = self.site().mediawiki_message("Isredirect")
        if self.site().has_mediawiki_message("Istemplate"):
            self._istemplatemessage = self.site().mediawiki_message("Istemplate")
        # to avoid duplicates:
        refPages = set()
        while path:
            output(u'Getting references to %s' % self.aslink())
            get_throttle()
            txt = self.site().getUrl(path)
            body = BeautifulSoup(txt,
                                 convertEntities=BeautifulSoup.HTML_ENTITIES,
                                 parseOnlyThese=content)
            next_text = body.find(text=nextpattern)
            if next_text is not None:
                path = next_text.parent['href'].replace("&amp;", "&")
            else:
                path = ""
            reflist = body.find("ul")
            if reflist is None:
                return
            for page in self._parse_reflist(reflist,
                                follow_redirects, withTemplateInclusion,
                                onlyTemplateInclusion, redirectsOnly):
                if page not in refPages:
                    yield page
                    refPages.add(page)

    def _parse_reflist(self, reflist,
            follow_redirects=True, withTemplateInclusion=True,
            onlyTemplateInclusion=False, redirectsOnly=False):
        """For internal use only

        Parse a "Special:Whatlinkshere" list of references and yield Page
        objects that meet the criteria (used by getReferences)
        """
        for link in reflist("li", recursive=False):
            title = link.a.string
            if title is None:
                output(u"DBG> invalid <li> item in Whatlinkshere: %s" % link)
            try:
                p = Page(self.site(), title)
            except Error:
                output(u"DBG> Whatlinkshere:%s contains invalid link to %s"
                       % (self.title(), title))
                continue
            isredirect, istemplate = False, False
            textafter = link.a.findNextSibling(text=True)
            if textafter is not None:
                if self.site().has_mediawiki_message("Isredirect") \
                        and self._isredirectmessage in textafter:
                    # make sure this is really a redirect to this page
                    # (MediaWiki will mark as a redirect any link that follows
                    # a #REDIRECT marker, not just the first one).
                    if p.getRedirectTarget().sectionFreeTitle() == self.sectionFreeTitle():
                        isredirect = True
                if self.site().has_mediawiki_message("Istemplate") \
                        and self._istemplatemessage in textafter:
                    istemplate = True

            if (withTemplateInclusion or onlyTemplateInclusion or not istemplate
                    ) and (not redirectsOnly or isredirect
                    ) and (not onlyTemplateInclusion or istemplate
                    ):
                yield p

            if isredirect and follow_redirects:
                sublist = link.find("ul")
                if sublist is not None:
                    for p in self._parse_reflist(sublist,
                                follow_redirects, withTemplateInclusion,
                                onlyTemplateInclusion, redirectsOnly):
                        yield p

    def put_async(self, newtext,
                  comment=None, watchArticle=None, minorEdit=True, force=False,
                  callback=None):
        """Put page on queue to be saved to wiki asynchronously.

        Asynchronous version of put (takes the same arguments), which places
        pages on a queue to be saved by a daemon thread. All arguments  are
        the same as for .put(), except --

        callback: a callable object that will be called after the page put
                  operation; this object must take two arguments:
                  (1) a Page object, and (2) an exception instance, which
                  will be None if the page was saved successfully.
   
        The callback is intended to be used by bots that need to keep track
        of which saves were successful.
        
        """
        try:
            page_put_queue.mutex.acquire()
            try:
                _putthread.start()
            except AssertionError:
                pass
        finally:
            page_put_queue.mutex.release()
        page_put_queue.put((self, newtext, comment, watchArticle, minorEdit,
                            force, callback))

    def put(self, newtext, comment=None, watchArticle=None, minorEdit=True,
            force=False):
        """Save the page with the contents of the first argument as the text.

        Optional parameters:
          comment:  a unicode string that is to be used as the summary for
                    the modification.
          watchArticle: a bool, add or remove this Page to/from bot user's
                        watchlist (if None, leave watchlist status unchanged)
          minorEdit: mark this edit as minor if True
          force: ignore botMayEdit() setting

        """
        # Fetch a page to get an edit token. If we already have
        # fetched a page, this will do nothing, because get() is cached.
        # Disabled in r4027
        #try:
        #    self.site().sandboxpage.get(force = True, get_redirect = True)
        #except NoPage:
        #    pass

        # Determine if we are allowed to edit
        if not force:
            if not self.botMayEdit():
                raise LockedPage(u'Not allowed to edit %s because of a restricting template' % self.aslink())

        # If there is an unchecked edit restriction, we need to load the page
        if self._editrestriction:
            output(u'Page %s is semi-protected. Getting edit page to find out if we are allowed to edit.' % self.aslink())
            self.get(force = True, change_edit_time = False)
            self._editrestriction = False
        # If no comment is given for the change, use the default
        comment = comment or action
        if self.editRestriction:
            try:
                self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)
                output(u'Page is locked, using sysop account.')
            except NoUsername:
                raise LockedPage()
        else:
            self.site().forceLogin()
        if config.cosmetic_changes and not self.isTalkPage():
            old = newtext
            if not config.cosmetic_changes_mylang_only or (self.site().family.name == config.family and self.site().lang == config.mylang):
                import cosmetic_changes
                ccToolkit = cosmetic_changes.CosmeticChangesToolkit(self.site())
                newtext = ccToolkit.change(newtext)
                if comment and old.strip() != newtext.strip():
                    comment += translate(self.site(), cosmetic_changes.msg_append)

        if watchArticle == None:
            # if the page was loaded via get(), we know its status
            if hasattr(self, '_isWatched'):
                watchArticle = self._isWatched
            else:
                import watchlist
                watchArticle = watchlist.isWatched(self.title(), site = self.site())
        newPage = not self.exists()
        sysop = not not self.editRestriction
        # If we are a sysop, we need to re-obtain the tokens.
        if sysop:
            if hasattr(self, '_contents'): del self._contents
            try:
                self.get(force = True, get_redirect = True,
                    change_edit_time = True, sysop = True)
            except NoPage:
                pass


        # if posting to an Esperanto wiki, we must e.g. write Bordeauxx instead
        # of Bordeaux
        if self.site().lang == 'eo':
            newtext = encodeEsperantoX(newtext)
        return self._putPage(newtext, comment, watchArticle, minorEdit, newPage, self.site().getToken(sysop = sysop), sysop = sysop)

    def _putPage(self, text, comment=None, watchArticle=False, minorEdit=True,
                newPage=False, token=None, gettoken=False, sysop=False):
        """Upload 'text' as new content of Page by filling out the edit form.

        Don't use this directly, use put() instead.
        
        """
        newTokenRetrieved = False
        if self.site().versionnumber() >= 4:
            if gettoken or not token:
                token = self.site().getToken(getagain = gettoken, sysop = sysop)
                newTokenRetrieved = True

        host = self.site().hostname()
        # Get the address of the page on that host.
        address = self.site().put_address(self.urlname())
        # Use the proper encoding for the comment
        encodedComment = comment.encode(self.site().encoding())
        # Encode the text into the right encoding for the wiki
        encodedText = text.encode(self.site().encoding())
        predata = {
            'wpSave': '1',
            'wpSummary': encodedComment,
            'wpTextbox1': encodedText,
        }
        # Add server lag parameter (see config.py for details)
        if config.maxlag:
            predata['maxlag'] = str(config.maxlag)
        # Except if the page is new, we need to supply the time of the
        # previous version to the wiki to prevent edit collisions
        if newPage:
            predata['wpEdittime'] = ''
            predata['wpStarttime'] = ''
        else:
            predata['wpEdittime'] = self._editTime
            predata['wpStarttime'] = self._startTime
        # Pass the minorEdit and watchArticle arguments to the Wiki.
        if minorEdit:
            predata['wpMinoredit'] = '1'
        if watchArticle:
            predata['wpWatchthis'] = '1'
        # Give the token, but only if one is supplied.
        if token:
            predata['wpEditToken'] = token

        # Sorry, single-site exception...
        if self.site().fam().name == 'loveto' and self.site().language() == 'recipes':
            predata['masteredit'] = '1'

        retry_delay = 1
        while True:
            # Check whether we are not too quickly after the previous
            # putPage, and wait a bit until the interval is acceptable
            put_throttle()
            # Which web-site host are we submitting to?
            if newPage:
                output(u'Creating page %s' % self.aslink(forceInterwiki=True))
            else:
                output(u'Changing page %s' % self.aslink(forceInterwiki=True))
            # Submit the prepared information
            if self.site().hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
                predata.append(("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded"))
                predata.append(("User-agent", useragent))
                data = self.site().urlEncode(predata)
                response = urllib2.urlopen(urllib2.Request(self.site().protocol() + '://' + self.site().hostname() + address, data))
                # I'm not sure what to check in this case, so I just assume
                # things went ok.  Very naive, I agree.
                data = u''
            else:
                try:
                    response, data = self.site().postForm(address, predata, sysop)
                except httplib.BadStatusLine, line:
                    raise PageNotSaved('Bad status line: %s' % line.line)
            if data != u'':
                # Saving unsuccessful. Possible reasons:
                # server lag, edit conflict or invalid edit token.
                # A second text area means that an edit conflict has occured.
                if response.status == 503 \
                   and 'x-database-lag' in response.msg.keys():
                    # server lag; Mediawiki recommends waiting 5 seconds and
                    # retrying
                    if verbose:
                        output(data, newline=False)
                    output(u"Pausing 5 seconds due to database server lag.")
                    time.sleep(5)
                    continue
                if data.startswith(
                        "<html>\n<head>\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>"):
                    output(
            u"Wikimedia has technical problems; will retry in %i minutes."
                            % retry_delay)
                    time.sleep(60 * retry_delay)
                    retry_delay *= 2
                    if retry_delay > 30:
                        retry_delay = 30
                    continue
                if 'id=\'wpTextbox2\' name="wpTextbox2"' in data:
                    raise EditConflict(u'An edit conflict has occured.')
                elif self.site().has_mediawiki_message("spamprotectiontitle")\
                        and self.site().mediawiki_message('spamprotectiontitle') in data:
                    try:
                        reasonR = re.compile(re.escape(self.site().mediawiki_message('spamprotectionmatch')).replace('\$1', '(?P<url>[^<]*)'))
                        url = reasonR.search(data).group('url')
                    except:
                        # Some wikis have modified the spamprotectionmatch
                        # template in a way that the above regex doesn't work,
                        # e.g. on he.wikipedia the template includes a
                        # wikilink, and on fr.wikipedia there is bold text.
                        # This is a workaround for this: it takes the region
                        # which should contain the spamfilter report and the
                        # URL. It then searches for a plaintext URL.
                        relevant = data[data.find('<!-- start content -->')+22:data.find('<!-- end content -->')].strip()
                        # Throw away all the other links etc.
                        relevant = re.sub('<.*?>', '', relevant)
                        # MediaWiki only spam-checks HTTP links, and only the
                        # domain name part of the URL.
                        m = re.search('http://[\w\-\.]+', relevant)
                        if m:
                            url = m.group()
                        else:
                            # Can't extract the exact URL. Let the user search.
                            url = relevant
                    raise SpamfilterError(url)
                elif '<label for=\'wpRecreate\'' in data:
                    # Make sure your system clock is correct if this error occurs
                    # without any reason!
                    raise EditConflict(u'Someone deleted the page.')
                elif self.site().has_mediawiki_message("viewsource")\
                        and self.site().mediawiki_message('viewsource') in data:
                    # The page is locked. This should have already been
                    # detected when getting the page, but there are some
                    # reasons why this didn't work, e.g. the page might be
                    # locked via a cascade lock.
                    # We won't raise a LockedPage exception here because
                    # these exceptions are usually already raised when
                    # getting pages, not when putting them, and it would be
                    # too much work at this moment to rewrite all scripts.
                    # Maybe we can later create two different lock
                    # exceptions, one for getting and one for putting.
                    try:
                        # Page is restricted - try using the sysop account, unless we're using one already
                        if not sysop:
                            self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)
                            output(u'Page is locked, retrying using sysop account.')
                            return self._putPage(text, comment, watchArticle,
                                                minorEdit, newPage, token=None,
                                                gettoken=True, sysop=True)
                    except NoUsername:
                        raise PageNotSaved(u"The page %s is locked. Possible reasons: There is a cascade lock, or you're affected by this MediaWiki bug: http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9226" % self.aslink())
                elif not newTokenRetrieved and "<textarea" in data:
                    # We might have been using an outdated token
                    output(u"Changing page has failed. Retrying.")
                    return self._putPage(text = text, comment = comment,
                            watchArticle = watchArticle, minorEdit = minorEdit, newPage = newPage,
                            token = None, gettoken = True, sysop = sysop)
                else:
                    # Something went wrong, and we don't know what. Show the
                    # HTML code that hopefully includes some error message.
                    output(data)
                    return response.status, response.reason, data
            if self.site().hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
                # No idea how to get the info now.
                return None
            else:
                return response.status, response.reason, data

    def canBeEdited(self):
        """Return bool indicating whether this page can be edited.

        This returns True if and only if:
          * page is unprotected, and bot has an account for this site, or
          * page is protected, and bot has a sysop account for this site.
        """
        if self.editRestriction:
            userdict = config.sysopnames
        else:
            userdict = config.usernames
        try:
            userdict[self.site().family.name][self.site().lang]
            return True
        except:
            # We don't have a user account for that wiki, or the
            # page is locked and we don't have a sysop account.
            return False

    def toggleTalkPage(self):
        """Return the other member of the article-talk page pair for this Page.
        
        If self is a talk page, returns the associated content page; otherwise,
        returns the associated talk page.
        Returns None if self is a special page.
        
        """
        ns = self.namespace()
        if ns < 0: # Special page
            return None
        if self.isTalkPage():
            if self.namespace() == 1:
                return Page(self.site(), self.titleWithoutNamespace())
            else:
                return Page(self.site(),
                            self.site().namespace(ns - 1) + ':'
                              + self.titleWithoutNamespace())
        else:
            return Page(self.site(),
                        self.site().namespace(ns + 1) + ':'
                          + self.titleWithoutNamespace())

    def interwiki(self):
        """Return a list of interwiki links in the page text.

        This will retrieve the page to do its work, so it can raise
        the same exceptions that are raised by the get() method.

        The return value is a list of Page objects for each of the
        interwiki links in the page text.
        
        """
        result = []
        ll = getLanguageLinks(self.get(), insite=self.site(),
                              pageLink=self.aslink())
        for newSite, newPage in ll.iteritems():
            for pagenametext in self.site().family.pagenamecodes(
                                                   self.site().language()):
                newTitle = newPage.title().replace(
                             "{{" + pagenametext + "}}", self.title())
            try:
                result.append(
                        self.__class__(newSite, newTitle, insite=self.site()))
            except UnicodeError:
                output(
    u"ERROR: link from %s to [[%s:%s]] is in an invalid encoding?!"
                        % (self.aslink(), newSite, newTitle))
            except ValueError:
                output(
    u"ERROR: link from %s to [[%s:%s]] contains invalid unicode reference?!"
                        % (self.aslink(), newSite, newTitle))
            except Error:
                output(
    u"ERROR: link from %s to [[%s:%s]] is improperly formatted?"
                        % (self.aslink(), newSite, newTitle))
        return result

    def categories(self, nofollow_redirects=False):
        """Return a list of categories that the article is in.

        This will retrieve the page text to do its work, so it can raise
        the same exceptions that are raised by the get() method.

        The return value is a list of Category objects, one for each of the
        category links in the page text.
        
        """
        try:
            category_links_to_return = getCategoryLinks(self.get(nofollow_redirects=nofollow_redirects), self.site())
        except NoPage:
            category_links_to_return = []
        return category_links_to_return

    def __cmp__(self, other):
        """Test for equality and inequality of Page objects"""
        if not isinstance(other, Page):
            # especially, return -1 if other is None
            return -1
        if not self.site() == other.site():
            return cmp(self.site(), other.site())
        owntitle = self.title()
        othertitle = other.title()
        return cmp(owntitle, othertitle)

    def __hash__(self):
        # Pseudo method that makes it possible to store Page objects as keys
        # in hash-tables. This relies on the fact that the string
        # representation of an instance can not change after the construction.
        return hash(str(self))

    def linkedPages(self):
        """Return a list of Pages that this Page links to.

        Excludes interwiki and category links.
        """
        result = []
        try:
            thistxt = removeLanguageLinks(self.get(get_redirect=True),
                                          self.site())
        except NoPage:
            raise
            #return []
        except IsRedirectPage:
            raise
        except SectionError:
            return []
        thistxt = removeCategoryLinks(thistxt, self.site())

        # remove HTML comments, pre, nowiki, and includeonly sections
        # from text before processing
        thistxt = removeDisabledParts(thistxt)

        for match in Rlink.finditer(thistxt):
            title = match.group('title')
            if title.strip().startswith("#"):
                # this is an internal section link
                continue
            if not self.site().isInterwikiLink(title):
                try:
                    page = Page(self.site(), title)
                except Error:
                    output(u"Page %s contains invalid link to [[%s]]."
                           % (self.title(), title))
                    continue
                if page.sectionFreeTitle():
                    result.append(page)
        return result

    def imagelinks(self, followRedirects=False, loose=False):
        """Return a list of ImagePage objects for images displayed on this Page.

        Includes images in galleries.
        If loose is True, this will find anything that looks like it
        could be an image. This is useful for finding, say, images that are
        passed as parameters to templates.

        """
        results = []
        # Find normal images
        for page in self.linkedPages():
            if page.isImage():
                # convert Page object to ImagePage object
                imagePage = ImagePage(page.site(), page.title())
                results.append(imagePage)
        # Find images in galleries
        pageText = self.get(get_redirect=followRedirects)
        galleryR = re.compile('<gallery>.*?</gallery>', re.DOTALL)
        galleryEntryR = re.compile('(?P<title>(%s|%s):.+?)(\|.+)?\n' % (self.site().image_namespace(), self.site().family.image_namespace(code = '_default')))
        for gallery in galleryR.findall(pageText):
            for match in galleryEntryR.finditer(gallery):
                page = ImagePage(self.site(), match.group('title'))
                results.append(page)
        if loose:
            ns = getSite().image_namespace()
            imageR = re.compile('\w\w\w+\.(?:gif|png|jpg|jpeg|svg)', re.IGNORECASE)
            for imageName in imageR.findall(pageText):
                results.append(ImagePage(self.site(), ns + ':' + imageName))
        return list(set(results))

    def templates(self):
        """Return a list of Page objects for templates used on this Page.
        
        Template parameters are ignored.
        
        """
        return [template for (template, param) in self.templatesWithParams()]

    def templatesWithParams(self):
        """Return a list of templates used on this Page.
        
        Return value is a list of tuples. There is one tuple for each use of
        a template in the page, with the template Page as the first entry
        and a list of parameters as the second entry.
        
        """
        try:
            thistxt = self.get()
        except (IsRedirectPage, NoPage):
            return []

        # remove commented-out stuff etc.
        thistxt  = removeDisabledParts(thistxt)

        result = []
        Rtemplate = re.compile(r'{{(msg:)?(?P<name>[^{\|]+?)(\|(?P<params>.+?))?}}', re.DOTALL)
        for m in Rtemplate.finditer(thistxt):
            paramString = m.group('params')
            params = []
            if paramString:
                params = paramString.split('|')
            name = m.group('name')
            if self.site().isInterwikiLink(name):
                continue
            try:
                name = Page(self.site(), name).title()
            except Error:
                output(u"Page %s contains invalid template name %s."
                       % (self.title(), name))
                continue
            result.append((name, params))
        return result

    def getRedirectTarget(self):
        """Return a Page object for the target this Page redirects to.

        If this page is not a redirect page, will raise an IsNotRedirectPage
        exception. This method also can raise a NoPage exception.
        
        """
        try:
            self.get()
        except NoPage:
            raise
        except IsRedirectPage, arg:
            if '|' in arg:
                warnings.warn("%s has a | character, this makes no sense",
                              Warning)
            return Page(self.site(), arg[0])
        else:
            raise IsNotRedirectPage(self)

    def getVersionHistory(self, forceReload=False, reverseOrder=False,
                          getAll=False, revCount=500):
        """Load the version history page and return history information.

        Return value is a list of tuples, where each tuple represents one
        edit and is built of revision id, edit date/time, user name, and
        edit summary. Starts with the most current revision, unless
        reverseOrder is True. Defaults to getting the first revCount edits,
        unless getAll is True.
        
        """
        site = self.site()

        # regular expression matching one edit in the version history.
        # results will have 4 groups: oldid, edit date/time, user name, and edit
        # summary.
        if self.site().versionnumber() < 4:
            editR = re.compile('<li>.*?<a href=".*?oldid=([0-9]*)" title=".*?">([^<]*)</a> <span class=\'user\'><a href=".*?" title=".*?">([^<]*?)</a></span>.*?(?:<span class=\'comment\'>(.*?)</span>)?</li>')
        else:
            editR = re.compile('<li>.*?<a href=".*?oldid=([0-9]*)" title=".*?">([^<]*)</a> <span class=\'history-user\'><a href=".*?" title=".*?">([^<]*?)</a>.*?</span>.*?(?:<span class=[\'"]comment[\'"]>(.*?)</span>)?</li>')

        startFromPage = None
        thisHistoryDone = False
        skip = False # Used in determining whether we need to skip the first page

        RLinkToNextPage = re.compile('&amp;offset=(.*?)&amp;')

        # Are we getting by Earliest first?
        if reverseOrder:
            # Check if _versionhistoryearliest exists
            if not hasattr(self, '_versionhistoryearliest') or forceReload:
                self._versionhistoryearliest = []
            elif getAll and len(self._versionhistoryearliest) == revCount:
                # Cause a reload, or at least make the loop run
                thisHistoryDone = False
                skip = True
            else:
                thisHistoryDone = True
        elif not hasattr(self, '_versionhistory') or forceReload:
            self._versionhistory = []
        elif getAll and len(self._versionhistory) == revCount:
            # Cause a reload, or at least make the loop run
            thisHistoryDone = False
            skip = True
        else:
            thisHistoryDone = True

        while not thisHistoryDone:
            path = site.family.version_history_address(self.site().language(), self.urlname(), revCount)

            if reverseOrder:
                if len(self._versionhistoryearliest) >= revCount:
                    path += '&dir=prev'
                else:
                    path += '&go=first'

            if startFromPage:
                path += '&offset=' + startFromPage

            # this loop will run until the page could be retrieved
            # Try to retrieve the page until it was successfully loaded (just in case
            # the server is down or overloaded)
            # wait for retry_idle_time minutes (growing!) between retries.
            retry_idle_time = 1

            if verbose:
                if startFromPage:
                    output(u'Continuing to get version history of %s' % self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))
                else:
                    output(u'Getting version history of %s' % self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))

            txt = site.getUrl(path)

            # save a copy of the text
            self_txt = txt

            if reverseOrder:
                # If we are getting all of the page history...
                if getAll:
                    if len(self._versionhistoryearliest) == 0:
                        matchObj = RLinkToNextPage.search(self_txt)
                        if matchObj:
                            startFromPage = matchObj.group(1)
                        else:
                            thisHistoryDone = True

                        edits = editR.findall(self_txt)
                        edits.reverse()
                        for edit in edits:
                            self._versionhistoryearliest.append(edit)
                        if len(edits) < revCount:
                            thisHistoryDone = True
                    else:
                        if not skip:
                            edits = editR.findall(self_txt)
                            edits.reverse()
                            for edit in edits:
                                self._versionhistoryearliest.append(edit)
                            if len(edits) < revCount:
                                thisHistoryDone = True

                            matchObj = RLinkToNextPage.search(self_txt)
                            if matchObj:
                                startFromPage = matchObj.group(1)
                            else:
                                thisHistoryDone = True

                        else:
                            # Skip the first page only,
                            skip = False

                            matchObj = RLinkToNextPage.search(self_txt)
                            if matchObj:
                                startFromPage = matchObj.group(1)
                            else:
                                thisHistoryDone = True
                else:
                    # If we are not getting all, we stop on the first page.
                    for edit in editR.findall(self_txt):
                        self._versionhistoryearliest.append(edit)
                    self._versionhistoryearliest.reverse()

                    thisHistoryDone = True
            else:
                # If we are getting all of the page history...
                if getAll:
                    if len(self._versionhistory) == 0:
                        matchObj = RLinkToNextPage.search(self_txt)
                        if matchObj:
                            startFromPage = matchObj.group(1)
                        else:
                            thisHistoryDone = True

                        edits = editR.findall(self_txt)
                        for edit in edits:
                            self._versionhistory.append(edit)
                        if len(edits) < revCount:
                            thisHistoryDone = True
                    else:
                        if not skip:
                            edits = editR.findall(self_txt)
                            for edit in edits:
                                self._versionhistory.append(edit)
                            if len(edits) < revCount:
                                thisHistoryDone = True

                            matchObj = RLinkToNextPage.findall(self_txt)
                            if len(matchObj) >= 2:
                                startFromPage = matchObj[1]
                            else:
                                thisHistoryDone = True
                        else:
                            # Skip the first page only,
                            skip = False

                            matchObj = RLinkToNextPage.search(self_txt)
                            if matchObj:
                                startFromPage = matchObj.group(1)
                            else:
                                thisHistoryDone = True
                else:
                    # If we are not getting all, we stop on the first page.
                    for edit in editR.findall(self_txt):
                        self._versionhistory.append(edit)

                    thisHistoryDone = True

        if reverseOrder:
            # Return only revCount edits, even if the version history is extensive
            if len(self._versionhistoryearliest) > revCount and not getAll:
                return self._versionhistoryearliest[0:revCount]
            return self._versionhistoryearliest

        # Return only revCount edits, even if the version history is extensive
        if len(self._versionhistory) > revCount and not getAll:
            return self._versionhistory[0:revCount]
        return self._versionhistory

    def getVersionHistoryTable(self, forceReload=False, reverseOrder=False,
                               getAll=False, revCount=500):
        """Return the version history as a wiki table."""
        result = '{| border="1"\n'
        result += '! oldid || date/time || username || edit summary\n'
        for oldid, time, username, summary in self.getVersionHistory(forceReload = forceReload, reverseOrder = reverseOrder, getAll = getAll, revCount = revCount):
            result += '|----\n'
            result += '| %s || %s || %s || <nowiki>%s</nowiki>\n' % (oldid, time, username, summary)
        result += '|}\n'
        return result

    def fullVersionHistory(self):
        """
        Return all previous versions including wikitext.

        Gives a list of tuples consisting of edit date/time, user name and
        content
        """
        # TODO: probably should return revision id, as well.
        address = self.site().export_address()
        predata = {
            'action': 'submit',
            'pages': self.title()
        }
        get_throttle(requestsize = 10)
        now = time.time()
        if self.site().hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
            predata["Content-type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
            predata["User-agent"] = useragent
            data = self.site.urlEncode(predata)
            response = urllib2.urlopen(urllib2.Request('http://' + self.site.hostname() + address, data))
            data = response.read()
        else:
            response, data = self.site().postForm(address, predata)
        data = data.encode(self.site().encoding())
        get_throttle.setDelay(time.time() - now)
        output = []
        # TODO: parse XML using an actual XML parser instead of regex!
        r = re.compile("\<revision\>.*?\<timestamp\>(.*?)\<\/timestamp\>.*?\<(?:ip|username)\>(.*?)\</(?:ip|username)\>.*?\<text.*?\>(.*?)\<\/text\>",re.DOTALL)
        #r = re.compile("\<revision\>.*?\<timestamp\>(.*?)\<\/timestamp\>.*?\<(?:ip|username)\>(.*?)\<",re.DOTALL)
        return [  (match.group(1),
                   unescape(match.group(2)),
                   unescape(match.group(3)))
                for match in r.finditer(data)  ]

    def contributingUsers(self):
        """Return a set of usernames (or IPs) of users who edited this page."""
        edits = self.getVersionHistory()
        users = set([edit[2] for edit in edits])
        return users

    def move(self, newtitle, reason=None, movetalkpage=True, sysop=False,
             throttle=True):
        """Move this page to new title given by newtitle."""
        if throttle:
            put_throttle()
        if reason == None:
            reason = input(u'Please enter a reason for the move:')
        reason = reason.encode(self.site().encoding())
        if self.isTalkPage():
            movetalkpage = False
        host = self.site().hostname()
        address = self.site().move_address()
        self.site().forceLogin(sysop = sysop)
        token = self.site().getToken(self, sysop = sysop)
        predata = {
            'wpOldTitle': self.title().encode(self.site().encoding()),
            'wpNewTitle': newtitle.encode(self.site().encoding()),
            'wpReason': reason.encode(self.site().encoding()),
        }
        if movetalkpage:
            predata['wpMovetalk'] = '1'
        else:
            predata['wpMovetalk'] = '0'
        if token:
            predata['wpEditToken'] = token
        if self.site().hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
            predata['Content-type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
            predata['User-agent'] = useragent
            data = self.site().urlEncode(predata)
            response = urllib2.urlopen(urllib2.Request(self.site().protocol() + '://' + self.site().hostname() + address, data))
            data = ''
        else:
            response, data = self.site().postForm(address, predata, sysop = sysop)
        if data != u'':
            if self.site().mediawiki_message('pagemovedsub') in data:
                output(u'Page %s moved to %s' % (self.title(), newtitle))
                return True
            elif self.site().mediawiki_message('articleexists') in data:
                output(u'Page moved failed: Target page [[%s]] already exists.'
                       % newtitle)
                return False
            else:
                output(u'Page move failed for unknown reason.')
                try:
                    ibegin = data.index('<!-- start content -->') + 22
                    iend = data.index('<!-- end content -->')
                except ValueError:
                    # if begin/end markers weren't found, show entire HTML file
                    output(data)
                else:
                    # otherwise, remove the irrelevant sections
                    data = data[ibegin:iend]
                output(data)
                return False

    def delete(self, reason=None, prompt=True, throttle=True):
        """Deletes the page from the wiki.

        Requires administrator status. If reason is None, asks for a
        reason. If prompt is True, asks the user if he wants to delete the
        page.
        
        """
        if throttle:
            put_throttle()
        if reason == None:
            reason = input(u'Please enter a reason for the deletion:')
        reason = reason.encode(self.site().encoding())
        answer = 'y'
        if prompt:
            answer = inputChoice(u'Do you want to delete %s?' % self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True), ['Yes', 'No'], ['y', 'N'], 'N')
        if answer in ['y', 'Y']:
            host = self.site().hostname()
            address = self.site().delete_address(self.urlname())

            try:
                self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)
            except NoUsername, error:
                # user hasn't entered an admin username.
                output(str(error))
                return
            token = self.site().getToken(self, sysop = True)
            predata = {
                'wpReason': reason,
                'wpComment': reason,
                'wpConfirm': '1',
                'wpConfirmB': '1'
            }
            if token:
                predata['wpEditToken'] = token
            if self.site().hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
                predata['Content-type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
                predata['User-agent'] = useragent
                data = self.site().urlEncode(predata)
                response = urllib2.urlopen(urllib2.Request(self.site().protocol() + '://' + self.site().hostname() + address, data))
                data = u''
            else:
                response, data = self.site().postForm(address, predata, sysop = True)
            if data:
                if self.site().mediawiki_message('actioncomplete') in data:
                    output(u'Deletion successful.')
                    return True
                else:
                    output(u'Deletion failed:.')
                    try:
                        ibegin = data.index('<!-- start content -->') + 22
                        iend = data.index('<!-- end content -->')
                    except ValueError:
                        # if begin/end markers weren't found, show entire HTML file
                        output(data)
                    else:
                        # otherwise, remove the irrelevant sections
                        data = data[ibegin:iend]
                    output(data)
                    return False

    def loadDeletedRevisions(self):
        """Retrieve all deleted revisions for this Page from Special/Undelete.

        Stores all revisions' timestamps, dates, editors and comments.
        Returns list of timestamps (which can be used to retrieve revisions
        later on).
        
        """
        #TODO: Handle image file revisions too.
        output(u'Loading list of deleted revisions for [[%s]]...' % self.title())

        address = self.site().undelete_view_address(self.urlname())
        self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)
        text = self.site().getUrl(address, sysop = True)
        #TODO: Handle non-existent pages etc

        rxRevs = re.compile(r'<input name="(?P<ts>(?:ts|fileid)\d+)".*?title=".*?">(?P<date>.*?)</a>.*?title=".*?">(?P<editor>.*?)</a>.*?<span class="comment">\((?P<comment>.*?)\)</span>',re.DOTALL)
        self._deletedRevs = {}
        for rev in rxRevs.finditer(text):
            self._deletedRevs[rev.group('ts')] = [
                    rev.group('date'),
                    rev.group('editor'),
                    rev.group('comment'),
                    None,  #Revision text
                    False, #Restoration marker
                    ]

        self._deletedRevsModified = False
        return self._deletedRevs.keys()

    def getDeletedRevision(self, timestamp, retrieveText=False):
        """Return a particular deleted revision by timestamp.

        Return value is a list of [date, editor, comment, text, restoration
        marker]. text will be None, unless retrieveText is True (or has been
        retrieved earlier).
        
        """
        if self._deletedRevs == None:
            self.loadDeletedRevisions()
        if not self._deletedRevs.has_key(timestamp):
            #TODO: Throw an exception instead?
            return None

        if retrieveText and not self._deletedRevs[timestamp][3] and timestamp[:2]=='ts':
            output(u'Retrieving text of deleted revision...')
            address = self.site().undelete_view_address(self.urlname(),timestamp)
            self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)
            text = self.site().getUrl(address, sysop = True)
            und = re.search('<textarea readonly="1" cols="80" rows="25">(.*?)</textarea><div><form method="post"',text,re.DOTALL)
            if und:
                self._deletedRevs[timestamp][3] = und.group(1)

        return self._deletedRevs[timestamp]

    def markDeletedRevision(self, timestamp, undelete=True):
        """Mark the revision identified by timestamp for undeletion.

        If undelete is False, mark the revision to remain deleted.

        """
        if self._deletedRevs == None:
            self.loadDeletedRevisions()
        if not self._deletedRevs.has_key(timestamp):
            #TODO: Throw an exception?
            return None
        self._deletedRevs[timestamp][4] = undelete
        self._deletedRevsModified = True

    def undelete(self, comment='', throttle=True):
        """Undeletes page based on the undeletion markers set by previous calls.

        If no calls have been made since loadDeletedRevisions(), everything
        will be restored.

        Simplest case:
            wikipedia.Page(...).undelete('This will restore all revisions')

        More complex:
            pg = wikipedia.Page(...)
            revs = pg.loadDeletedRevsions()
            for rev in revs:
                if ... #decide whether to undelete a revision
                    pg.markDeletedRevision(rev) #mark for undeletion
            pg.undelete('This will restore only selected revisions.')

        """
        if throttle:
            put_throttle()
        output(u'Undeleting...')

        address = self.site().undelete_address()
        self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)
        token = self.site().getToken(self, sysop=True)

        formdata = {
                'target': self.title(),
                'wpComment': comment,
                'wpEditToken': token,
                'restore': self.site().mediawiki_message('undeletebtn')
                }

        if self._deletedRevs != None and self._deletedRevsModified:
            for ts in self._deletedRevs.keys():
                if self._deletedRevs[ts][4]:
                    formdata['ts'+ts] = '1'

        self._deletedRevs = None
        #TODO: Check for errors below (have we succeeded? etc):
        return self.site().postForm(address,formdata,sysop=True)

    def protect(self, edit='sysop', move='sysop', unprotect=False,
                reason=None, prompt=True, throttle=True):
        """(Un)protect a wiki page. Requires administrator status.

        If reason is None,  asks for a reason. If prompt is True, asks the
        user if he wants to protect the page. Valid values for edit and move
        are:
           * '' (equivalent to 'none')
           * 'autoconfirmed'
           * 'sysop'

        """
        address = self.site().protect_address(self.urlname())
        if unprotect:
            address = self.site().unprotect_address(self.urlname())
        if throttle:
            put_throttle()
        if reason == None:
            reason = input(u'Please enter a reason for the (un)protection:')
        reason = reason.encode(self.site().encoding())
        answer = 'y'
        if prompt:
            answer = inputChoice(u'Do you want to (un)protect %s?' % self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True), ['Yes', 'No'], ['y', 'N'], 'N')
        if answer in ['y', 'Y']:
            host = self.site().hostname()

            self.site().forceLogin(sysop = True)

            token = self.site().getToken(self, sysop = True)

            #Translate 'none' to ''
            if edit == 'none': edit = ''
            if move == 'none': move = ''

            predata = {
                'mwProtect-level-edit': edit,
                'mwProtect-level-move': move,
                'mwProtect-reason': reason
            }
            if token:
                predata['wpEditToken'] = token
            if self.site().hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
                predata["Content-type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
                predata["User-agent"] = useragent
                data = self.site().urlEncode(predata)
                response = urllib2.urlopen(urllib2.Request(self.site().protocol() + '://' + self.site().hostname() + address, data))
                data = ''
            else:
                data, response = self.site().postForm(address, predata, sysop = True)

            if not response:
                output(u'(Un)protection successful.')
                return True
            else:
                #Normally, we expect a 302 with no data, so this means an error
                output(u'Protection failed:')
                output(data)
                return False

    def removeImage(self, image, put=False, summary=None, safe=True):
        """Remove all occurrences of an image from this Page."""
        # TODO: this should be grouped with other functions that operate on
        # wiki-text rather than the Page object
        return self.replaceImage(image, None, put, summary, safe)

    def replaceImage(self, image, replacement=None, put=False, summary=None,
                     safe=True):
        """Replace all occurences of an image by another image.

        Giving None as argument for replacement will delink instead of
        replace.

        The argument image must be without namespace and all spaces replaced
        by underscores.

        If put is False, the new text will be returned.  If put is True, the
        edits will be saved to the wiki and True will be returned on succes,
        and otherwise False. Edit errors propagate.

        """
        # TODO: this should be grouped with other functions that operate on
        # wiki-text rather than the Page object

        # Copyright (c) Orgullomoore, Bryan

        # TODO: document and simplify the code
        site = self.site()

        text = self.get()
        new_text = text

        def caseInsensitivePattern(s):
            """
            Creates a pattern that matches the string case-insensitively.
            """
            s = re.escape(s)
            return ur'(?:%s)' % u''.join([u'[%s%s]'
                                            % (c.upper(), c.lower())
                                          for c in s])

        def capitalizationPattern(s):
            """
            Given a string, creates a pattern that matches the string, with
            the first letter case-insensitive if capitalization is switched
            on on the site you're working on.
            """
            s = re.escape(s)
            if self.site().nocapitalize:
                return s
            else:
                return ur'(?:[%s%s]%s)' % (s[0].upper(), s[0].lower(), s[1:])

        namespaces = set(('Image', 'Media') + site.namespace(6, all = True) + site.namespace(-2, all = True))
        # note that the colon is already included here
        namespacePattern = ur'\s*(?:%s)\s*\:\s*' % u'|'.join(map(caseInsensitivePattern, namespaces))

        imagePattern = u'(%s)' % capitalizationPattern(image).replace(r'\_', '[ _]')

        def filename_replacer(match):
            if replacement == None:
                return u''
            else:
                old = match.group()
                return old[:match.start('filename')] + replacement + old[match.end('filename'):]

        # The group params contains parameters such as thumb and 200px, as well
        # as the image caption. The caption can contain wiki links, but each
        # link has to be closed properly.
        paramPattern = r'(?:\|(?:(?!\[\[).|\[\[.*?\]\])*?)'
        rImage = re.compile(ur'\[\[(?P<namespace>%s)(?P<filename>%s)(?P<params>%s*?)\]\]' % (namespacePattern, imagePattern, paramPattern))
        if replacement == None:
            new_text = rImage.sub('', new_text)
        else:
            new_text = rImage.sub('[[\g<namespace>%s\g<params>]]' % replacement, new_text)

        # Remove the image from galleries
        galleryR = re.compile(r'(?is)<gallery>(?P<items>.*?)</gallery>')
        galleryItemR = re.compile(r'(?m)^%s?(?P<filename>%s)\s*(?P<label>\|.*?)?\s*$' % (namespacePattern, imagePattern))
        def gallery_replacer(match):
            return ur'<gallery>%s<gallery>' % galleryItemR.sub(filename_replacer, match.group('items'))
        new_text = galleryR.sub(gallery_replacer, new_text)

        if (text == new_text) or (not safe):
            # All previous steps did not work, so the image is
            # likely embedded in a complicated template.
            # Note: this regular expression can't handle nested templates.
            templateR = re.compile(ur'(?s)\{\{(?<contents>.*?\}\}')
            fileReferenceR = re.compile(u'%s(?P<filename>(?:%s)?)' % (namespacePattern, imagePattern))

            def template_replacer(match):
                return fileReferenceR.sub(filename_replacer, match.group('contents'))
            new_text = templateR.sub(template_replacer, new_text)

        if put:
            if text != new_text:
                # Save to the wiki
                self.put(new_text, summary)
                return True
            return False
        else:
            return new_text


class ImagePage(Page):
    """A subclass of Page representing an image descriptor wiki page.

    Supports the same interface as Page, with the following added methods:

    getImagePageHtml          : Download image page and return raw HTML text.
    fileURL                   : Return the URL for the image described on this
                                page.
    fileIsOnCommons           : Return True if image stored on Wikimedia
                                Commons.
    fileIsShared              : Return True if image stored on Wikitravel
                                shared repository.
    getFileMd5Sum             : Return image file's MD5 checksum.
    getFileVersionHistory     : Return the image file's version history.
    getFileVersionHistoryTable: Return the version history in the form of a
                                wiki table.
    usingPages                : Yield Pages on which the image is displayed.

    """
    def __init__(self, site, title, insite = None):
        # TODO: raise an exception if title is not in Image: namespace
        Page.__init__(self, site, title, insite, defaultNamespace=6)
        self._imagePageHtml = None

    def getImagePageHtml(self):
        """
        Download the image page, and return the HTML, as a unicode string.

        Caches the HTML code, so that if you run this method twice on the
        same ImagePage object, the page will only be downloaded once.
        """
        if not self._imagePageHtml:
            path = self.site().get_address(self.urlname())
            self._imagePageHtml = self.site().getUrl(path)
        return self._imagePageHtml

    def fileUrl(self):
        """Return the URL for the image described on this page."""
        # There are three types of image pages:
        # * normal, small images with links like: filename.png (10KB, MIME type: image/png)
        # * normal, large images with links like: Download high resolution version (1024x768, 200 KB)
        # * SVG images with links like: filename.svg (1KB, MIME type: image/svg)
        # This regular expression seems to work with all of them.
        # The part after the | is required for copying .ogg files from en:, as they do not
        # have a "full image link" div. This might change in the future; on commons, there
        # is a full image link for .ogg and .mid files.
        urlR = re.compile(r'<div class="fullImageLink" id="file">.*?<a href="(?P<url>[^ ]+?)"(?! class="image")|<span class="dangerousLink"><a href="(?P<url2>.+?)"', re.DOTALL)
        m = urlR.search(self.getImagePageHtml())
        try:
            url = m.group('url') or m.group('url2')
        except AttributeError:
            raise NoPage(u'Image file URL for %s not found.'
                         % self.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))
        return url

    def fileIsOnCommons(self):
        """Return True if the image is stored on Wikimedia Commons"""
        return self.fileUrl().startswith(
            u'http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/')

    def fileIsShared(self):
        """Return True if image is stored on Wikitravel shared repository."""
        if 'wikitravel_shared' in self.site().shared_image_repository():
            return self.fileUrl().startswith(
                u'http://wikitravel.org/upload/shared/')
        return self.fileIsOnCommons()

    # FIXME: MD5 might be performed on not complete file due to server disconnection
    # (see bug #1795683).
    def getFileMd5Sum(self):
        """Return image file's MD5 checksum."""
        uo = MyURLopener()
        f = uo.open(self.fileUrl())
        md5Checksum = md5.new(f.read()).hexdigest()
        return md5Checksum

    def getFileVersionHistory(self):
        """Return the image file's version history.

        Return value is a list of tuples containing (timestamp, username,
        resolution, filesize, comment).
        
        """
        result = []
        history = re.search('(?s)<table class="filehistory">.+?</table>', self.getImagePageHtml())

        if history:
            lineR = re.compile('<tr><td>.*?</td><td><a href=".+?">(?P<datetime>.+?)</a></td><td><a href=".+?"(?: class="new"|) title=".+?">(?P<username>.+?)</a>.*?</td><td>(?P<resolution>.*?)</td><td class=".+?">(?P<filesize>.+?)</td><td>(?P<comment>.*?)</td></tr>')
        else:
            # backward compatible code
            history = re.search('(?s)<ul class="special">.+?</ul>', self.getImagePageHtml())
            if history:
                lineR = re.compile('<li> \(.+?\) \(.+?\) <a href=".+?" title=".+?">(?P<datetime>.+?)</a> . . <a href=".+?" title=".+?">(?P<username>.+?)</a> \(.+?\) . . (?P<resolution>\d+.+?\d+) \((?P<filesize>[\d,\.]+) .+?\)( <span class="comment">(?P<comment>.*?)</span>)?</li>')

        if history:
            for match in lineR.finditer(history.group()):
                datetime = match.group('datetime')
                username = match.group('username')
                resolution = match.group('resolution')
                size = match.group('filesize')
                comment = match.group('comment') or ''
                result.append((datetime, username, resolution, size, comment))
        return result

    def getFileVersionHistoryTable(self):
        """Return the version history in the form of a wiki table."""
        lines = []
        for (datetime, username, resolution, size, comment) in self.getFileVersionHistory():
            lines.append('| %s || %s || %s || %s || <nowiki>%s</nowiki>' % (datetime, username, resolution, size, comment))
        return u'{| border="1"\n! date/time || username || resolution || size || edit summary\n|----\n' + u'\n|----\n'.join(lines) + '\n|}'

    def usingPages(self):
        """Yield Pages on which the image is displayed."""
        titleList = re.search('(?s)<h2 id="filelinks">.+?</ul>',
                              self.getImagePageHtml()).group()
        lineR = re.compile(
                    '<li><a href=".+?" title=".+?">(?P<title>.+?)</a></li>')
        for match in lineR.finditer(titleList):
            try:
                yield Page(self.site(), match.group('title'))
            except Error:
                output(
        u"Image description page %s contains invalid reference to [[%s]]."
                    % (self.title(), match.group('title')))


class _GetAll(object):
    """For internal use only - supports getall() function"""
    def __init__(self, site, pages, throttle, force):
        self.site = site
        self.pages = []
        self.throttle = throttle
        self.force = force

        for page in pages:
            if (not hasattr(page, '_contents') and not hasattr(page, '_getexception')) or force:
                self.pages.append(page)
            elif verbose:
                output(u"BUGWARNING: %s already done!" % page.aslink())

    def run(self):
        dt=15
        if self.pages:
            while True:
                try:
                    data = self.getData()
                except (socket.error, httplib.BadStatusLine, ServerError):
                    # Print the traceback of the caught exception
                    output(u''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())))
                    output(u'DBG> got network error in _GetAll.run. Sleeping for %d seconds...' % dt)
                    time.sleep(dt)
                    if dt <= 60:
                        dt += 15
                    elif dt < 360:
                        dt += 60
                else:
                    # Because language lists are filled in a lazy way in the family
                    # files of Wikimedia projects (using Family.knownlanguages), you
                    # may encounter pages from non-existing wikis such as
                    # http://eo.wikisource.org/
                    if data.find("<title>Wiki does not exist</title>") != -1:
                        return
                    elif data.find("<siteinfo>") == -1: # This probably means we got a 'temporary unaivalable'
                        output(u'Got incorrect export page. Sleeping for %d seconds...' % dt)
                        time.sleep(dt)
                        if dt <= 60:
                            dt += 15
                        elif dt < 360:
                            dt += 60
                    else:
                        break
            R = re.compile(r"\s*<\?xml([^>]*)\?>(.*)",re.DOTALL)
            m = R.match(data)
            if m:
                data = m.group(2)
            handler = xmlreader.MediaWikiXmlHandler()
            handler.setCallback(self.oneDone)
            handler.setHeaderCallback(self.headerDone)
            #f = open("backup.txt", "w")
            #f.write(data)
            #f.close()
            try:
                xml.sax.parseString(data, handler)
            except (xml.sax._exceptions.SAXParseException, ValueError), err:
                debugDump( 'SaxParseBug', self.site, err, data )
                raise
            except PageNotFound:
                return
            # All of the ones that have not been found apparently do not exist
            for pl in self.pages:
                if not hasattr(pl,'_contents') and not hasattr(pl,'_getexception'):
                    pl._getexception = NoPage

    def oneDone(self, entry):
        title = entry.title
        username = entry.username
        ipedit = entry.ipedit
        timestamp = entry.timestamp
        text = entry.text
        editRestriction = entry.editRestriction
        moveRestriction = entry.moveRestriction
        page = Page(self.site, title)
        successful = False
        for page2 in self.pages:
            if page2.sectionFreeTitle() == page.sectionFreeTitle():
                if not (hasattr(page2,'_contents') or hasattr(page2,'_getexception')) or self.force:
                    page2.editRestriction = entry.editRestriction
                    page2.moveRestriction = entry.moveRestriction
                    if editRestriction == 'autoconfirmed':
                        page2._editrestriction = True
                    page2._permalink = entry.revisionid
                    page2._userName = username
                    page2._ipedit = ipedit
                    page2._editTime = timestamp
                    section = page2.section()
                    m = self.site.redirectRegex().match(text)
                    if m:
                        ## output(u"%s is a redirect" % page2.aslink())
                        redirectto = m.group(1)
                        if section and redirectto.find("#") == -1:
                            redirectto = redirectto+"#"+section
                        page2._getexception = IsRedirectPage
                        page2._redirarg = redirectto
                    # There's no possibility to read the wpStarttime argument from the XML.
                    # It is this time that the MediaWiki software uses to check for edit
                    # conflicts. We take the earliest time later than the last edit, which
                    # seems to be the safest possible time.
                    page2._startTime = str(int(timestamp)+1)
                    if section:
                        m = re.search("\.3D\_*(\.27\.27+)?(\.5B\.5B)?\_*%s\_*(\.5B\.5B)?(\.27\.27+)?\_*\.3D" % re.escape(section), sectionencode(text,page2.site().encoding()))
                        if not m:
                            try:
                                page2._getexception
                                output(u"WARNING: Section not found: %s" % page2.aslink(forceInterwiki = True))
                            except AttributeError:
                                # There is no exception yet
                                page2._getexception = SectionError
                    # Store the content
                    page2._contents = text
                successful = True
                # Note that there is no break here. The reason is that there
                # might be duplicates in the pages list.
        if not successful:
            output(u"BUG>> title %s (%s) not found in list" % (title, page.aslink(forceInterwiki=True)))
            output(u'Expected one of: %s' % u','.join([page2.aslink(forceInterwiki=True) for page2 in self.pages]))
            raise PageNotFound

    def headerDone(self, header):
        # Verify our family data
        lang = self.site.lang
        ids = header.namespaces.keys()
        ids.sort()
        for id in ids:
            nshdr = header.namespaces[id]
            if self.site.family.isDefinedNS(id):
                ns = self.site.namespace(id)
                if ns == None:
                    ns = u''
                if ns != nshdr:
                    dflt = self.site.family.namespace('_default', id)
                    if dflt == ns:
                        flag = u"is set to default ('%s'), but should be '%s'" % (ns, nshdr)
                    elif dflt == nshdr:
                        flag = u"is '%s', but should be removed (default value '%s')" % (ns, nshdr)
                    else:
                        flag = u"is '%s', but should be '%s'" % (ns, nshdr)

                    output(u"WARNING: Outdated family file %s: namespace['%s'][%i] %s" % (self.site.family.name, lang, id, flag))
#                    self.site.family.namespaces[id][lang] = nshdr
            else:
                output(u"WARNING: Missing namespace in family file %s: namespace['%s'][%i] (it is set to '%s')" % (self.site.family.name, lang, id, nshdr))

    def getData(self):
        address = self.site.export_address()
        pagenames = [page.sectionFreeTitle() for page in self.pages]
        # We need to use X convention for requested page titles.
        if self.site.lang == 'eo':
            pagenames = [encodeEsperantoX(pagetitle) for pagetitle in pagenames]
        pagenames = u'\r\n'.join(pagenames)
        if type(pagenames) != type(u''):
            output(u'Warning: xmlreader.WikipediaXMLHandler.getData() got non-unicode page names. Please report this.')
            print pagenames
        # convert Unicode string to the encoding used on that wiki
        pagenames = pagenames.encode(self.site.encoding())
        predata = {
            'action': 'submit',
            'pages': pagenames,
            'curonly': 'True',
        }
        # Slow ourselves down
        get_throttle(requestsize = len(self.pages))
        # Now make the actual request to the server
        now = time.time()
        if self.site.hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
            predata["Content-type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
            predata["User-agent"] = useragent
            data = self.site.urlEncode(predata)
            response = urllib2.urlopen(urllib2.Request(self.site.protocol() + '://' + self.site.hostname() + address, data))
            data = response.read()
        else:
            response, data = self.site.postForm(address, predata)
        # The XML parser doesn't expect a Unicode string, but an encoded one,
        # so we'll encode it back.
        data = data.encode(self.site.encoding())
        get_throttle.setDelay(time.time() - now)
        return data

def getall(site, pages, throttle=True, force=False):
    """Use Special:Export to bulk-retrieve a group of pages from site

    Arguments: site = Site object
               pages = iterable that yields Page objects

    """
    # TODO: why isn't this a Site method?
    pages = list(pages)  # if pages is an iterator, we need to 
    output(u'Getting %d pages from %s...' % (len(pages), site))
    _GetAll(site, pages, throttle, force).run()


# Library functions

def unescape(s):
    """Replace escaped HTML-special characters by their originals"""
    if '&' not in s:
        return s
    s = s.replace("&lt;", "<")
    s = s.replace("&gt;", ">")
    s = s.replace("&apos;", "'")
    s = s.replace("&quot;", '"')
    s = s.replace("&amp;", "&") # Must be last
    return s

def setAction(s):
    """Set a summary to use for changed page submissions"""
    global action
    action = s

# Default action
setAction('Wikipedia python library')

def setUserAgent(s):
    """Set a User-agent: header passed to the HTTP server"""
    global useragent
    useragent = s

# Default User-agent
setUserAgent('PythonWikipediaBot/1.0')

# Mechanics to slow down page download rate.
class Throttle(object):
    """For internal use only - control rate of access to wiki server

    Calling this object blocks the calling thread until at least 'delay'
    seconds have passed since the previous call.

    The framework initiates two Throttle objects: get_throttle to control
    the rate of read access, and put_throttle to control the rate of write
    access.

    """
    def __init__(self, mindelay=config.minthrottle,
                 maxdelay=config.maxthrottle,
                 multiplydelay=True):
        self.lock = threading.RLock()
        self.mindelay = mindelay
        self.maxdelay = maxdelay
        self.pid = False # If self.pid remains False, we're not checking for multiple processes
        self.now = 0
        self.next_multiplicity = 1.0
        self.checkdelay = 240 # Check the file with processes again after this many seconds
        self.dropdelay = 360 # Drop processes from the list that have not made a check in this many seconds
        self.releasepid = 100000 # Free the process id
        self.lastwait = 0.0
        self.delay = 0
        if multiplydelay:
            self.checkMultiplicity()
        self.setDelay(mindelay)

    def logfn(self):
        return datafilepath('throttle.log')

    def checkMultiplicity(self):
        self.lock.acquire()
        try:
            processes = {}
            my_pid = 1
            count = 1
            try:
                f = open(self.logfn(), 'r')
            except IOError:
                if not self.pid:
                    pass
                else:
                    raise
            else:
                now = time.time()
                for line in f.readlines():
                    try:
                        line = line.split(' ')
                        pid = int(line[0])
                        ptime = int(line[1].split('.')[0])
                        if now - ptime <= self.releasepid:
                            if now - ptime <= self.dropdelay and pid != self.pid:
                                count += 1
                            processes[pid] = ptime
                            if pid >= my_pid:
                                my_pid = pid+1
                    except (IndexError,ValueError):
                        pass    # Sometimes the file gets corrupted - ignore that line

            if not self.pid:
                self.pid = my_pid
            self.checktime = time.time()
            processes[self.pid] = self.checktime
            f = open(self.logfn(), 'w')
            for p in processes.keys():
                f.write(str(p)+' '+str(processes[p])+'\n')
            f.close()
            self.process_multiplicity = count
            output(u"Checked for running processes. %s processes currently running, including the current process." % count)
        finally:
            self.lock.release()

    def setDelay(self, delay = config.minthrottle, absolute = False):
        self.lock.acquire()
        try:
            if absolute:
                self.maxdelay = delay
                self.mindelay = delay
            self.delay = delay
            # Don't count the time we already waited as part of our waiting time :-0
            self.now = time.time()
        finally:
            self.lock.release()

    def getDelay(self):
        thisdelay = self.delay
        if self.pid: # If self.pid, we're checking for multiple processes
            if time.time() > self.checktime + self.checkdelay:
                self.checkMultiplicity()
            if thisdelay < (self.mindelay * self.next_multiplicity):
                thisdelay = self.mindelay * self.next_multiplicity
            elif thisdelay > self.maxdelay:
                thisdelay = self.maxdelay
            thisdelay *= self.process_multiplicity
        return thisdelay

    def waittime(self):
        """Calculate the time in seconds we will have to wait if a query
           would be made right now"""
        # Take the previous requestsize in account calculating the desired
        # delay this time
        thisdelay = self.getDelay()
        now = time.time()
        ago = now - self.now
        if ago < thisdelay:
            delta = thisdelay - ago
            return delta
        else:
            return 0.0

    def drop(self):
        """Remove me from the list of running bots processes."""
        self.checktime = 0
        processes = {}
        try:
            f = open(self.logfn(), 'r')
        except IOError:
            return
        else:
            now = time.time()
            for line in f.readlines():
                line = line.split(' ')
                pid = int(line[0])
                ptime = int(line[1].split('.')[0])
                if now - ptime <= self.releasepid and pid != self.pid:
                    processes[pid] = ptime
        f = open(self.logfn(), 'w')
        for p in processes.keys():
            f.write(str(p)+' '+str(processes[p])+'\n')
        f.close()

    def __call__(self, requestsize=1):
        """
        Block the calling program if the throttle time has not expired.
        
        Parameter requestsize is the number of Pages to be read/written;
        multiply delay time by an appropriate factor.
        """
        self.lock.acquire()
        try:
            waittime = self.waittime()
            # Calculate the multiplicity of the next delay based on how
            # big the request is that is being posted now.
            # We want to add "one delay" for each factor of two in the
            # size of the request. Getting 64 pages at once allows 6 times
            # the delay time for the server.
            self.next_multiplicity = math.log(1+requestsize)/math.log(2.0)
            # Announce the delay if it exceeds a preset limit
            if waittime > config.noisysleep:
                output(u"Sleeping for %.1f seconds, %s" % (waittime, time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime())))
            time.sleep(waittime)
            self.now = time.time()
        finally:
            self.lock.release()

# functions to manipulate wikitext strings (by default, all text arguments
# should be Unicode)
# All return the modified text as a unicode object

def replaceExcept(text, old, new, exceptions, caseInsensitive=False,
                  allowoverlap=False, marker = ''):
    """
    Return text with 'old' replaced by 'new', ignoring specified types of text.

    Skips occurences of 'old' within exceptions; e.g., within nowiki tags or
    HTML comments. If caseInsensitive is true, then use case insensitive
    regex matching. If allowoverlap is true, overlapping occurences are all
    replaced (watch out when using this, it might lead to infinite loops!).

    Parameters:
        text            - a unicode string
        old             - a compiled regular expression
        new             - a unicode string (which can contain regular
                          expression references), or a function which takes
                          a match object as parameter. See parameter repl of
                          re.sub().
        exceptions      - a list of strings which signal what to leave out,
                          e.g. ['math', 'table', 'template']
        caseInsensitive - a boolean
        marker          - a string that will be added to the last replacement;
                          if nothing is changed, it is added at the end

    """
    # Hyperlink regex is defined in weblinkchecker.py
    import weblinkchecker

    exceptionRegexes = {
        'comment':     re.compile(r'(?s)<!--.*?-->'),
        'includeonly': re.compile(r'(?is)<includeonly>.*?</includeonly>'),
        'math':        re.compile(r'(?is)<math>.*?</math>'),
        'noinclude':   re.compile(r'(?is)<noinclude>.*?</noinclude>'),
        # wiki tags are ignored inside nowiki tags.
        'nowiki':      re.compile(r'(?is)<nowiki>.*?</nowiki>'),
        # lines that start with a space are shown in a monospace font and
        # have whitespace preserved, with wiki tags being ignored.
        'pre':         re.compile(r'(?is)<pre>.*?</pre>'),
        # lines that start with a space are shown in a monospace font and
        # have whitespace preserved.
        'startspace':  re.compile(r'(?m)^ (.*?)$'),
        # tables often have whitespace that is used to improve wiki
        # source code readability.
        # TODO: handle nested tables.
        'table':       re.compile(r'(?ims)^{\|.*?^\|}|<table>.*?</table>'),
        # templates with parameters often have whitespace that is used to
        # improve wiki source code readability.
        # 'template':    re.compile(r'(?s){{.*?}}'),
        # The regex above fails on nested templates. This regex can handle
        # templates cascaded up to level 3, but no deeper. For arbitrary
        # depth, we'd need recursion which can't be done in Python's re.
        # After all, the language of correct parenthesis words is not regular.
        'template':    re.compile(r'(?s){{(({{(({{.*?}})|.)*}})|.)*}}'),
        'hyperlink':   weblinkchecker.compileLinkR(),
        'gallery':     re.compile(r'(?is)<gallery.*?>.*?</gallery>'),
        # this matches internal wikilinks, but also interwiki, categories, and
        # images.
        'link':        re.compile(r'\[\[(?P<title>[^\]\|]*)(\|[^\]]*)?\]\]')
    }

    # if we got a string, compile it as a regular expression
    if type(old) == type('') or type(old) == type(u''):
        if caseInsensitive:
            old = re.compile(old, re.IGNORECASE | re.UNICODE)
        else:
            old = re.compile(old)

    dontTouchRegexes = []
    for exc in exceptions:
        if isinstance(exc, str) or isinstance(exc, unicode):
            # assume it's a reference to the exceptionRegexes dictionary
            # defined above.
            dontTouchRegexes.append(exceptionRegexes[exc])
        else:
            # assume it's a regular expression
            dontTouchRegexes.append(exc)
    index = 0
    markerpos = len(text)
    while index < len(text):
        match = old.search(text, index)
        if not match:
            # nothing left to replace
            break

        # check which exception will occur next.
        nextExceptionMatch = None
        for dontTouchR in dontTouchRegexes:
            excMatch = dontTouchR.search(text, index)
            if excMatch and (
                    nextExceptionMatch is None or
                    excMatch.start() < nextExceptionMatch.start()):
                nextExceptionMatch = excMatch

        if nextExceptionMatch is not None and nextExceptionMatch.start() <= match.start():
            # an HTML comment or text in nowiki tags stands before the next valid match. Skip.
            index = nextExceptionMatch.end()
        else:
            # We found a valid match. Replace it.

            # This is a hack for Windows users. As they're unable to enter real
            # linebreaks in the command prompt, this line allows them to enter
            # backslash-n instead.
            # This means that it is impossible replace a string with a real
            # backslash-n sequence (it will always become a linebreak), but
            # it is unprobable that someone will want to do that.
            if sys.platform=='win32':
                new = new.replace('\\n', '\n')

            try:
                # the parameter new can be a function which takes the match as a parameter.
                replacement = new(match)
            except TypeError:
                # it is not a function, but a string.

                # We cannot just insert the new string, as it may contain regex
                # group references such as \2 or \g<name>.
                # On the other hand, this approach does not work because it can't
                # handle lookahead or lookbehind (see bug #1731008):
                #replacement = old.sub(new, text[match.start():match.end()])
                #text = text[:match.start()] + replacement + text[match.end():]

                # So we have to process the group references manually.
                replacement = new

                groupR = re.compile(r'\\(?P<number>\d+)|\\g<(?P<name>.+?)>')
                while True:
                    groupMatch = groupR.search(replacement)
                    if not groupMatch:
                        break
                    groupID = groupMatch.group('name') or int(groupMatch.group('number'))
                    replacement = replacement[:groupMatch.start()] + match.group(groupID) + replacement[groupMatch.end():]
            text = text[:match.start()] + replacement + text[match.end():]

            # continue the search on the remaining text
            if allowoverlap:
                index = match.start() + 1
            else:
                index = match.start() + len(replacement)
            markerpos = match.start() + len(replacement)
    text = text[:markerpos] + marker + text[markerpos:]
    return text

def removeDisabledParts(text, tags = ['*']):
    """
    Return text without portions where wiki markup is disabled

    Parts that can/will be removed are --
    * HTML comments
    * nowiki tags
    * pre tags
    * includeonly tags

    The exact set of parts which should be removed can be passed as the
    'parts' parameter, which defaults to all.
    """
    regexes = {
            'comments' :   r'<!--.*?-->',
            'includeonly': r'<includeonly>.*?</includeonly>',
            'nowiki':      r'<nowiki>.*?</nowiki>',
            'pre':         r'<pre>.*?</pre>',
            }
    if '*' in tags:
        tags = regexes.keys()
    toRemoveR = re.compile('|'.join([regexes[tag] for tag in tags]),
                           re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
    return toRemoveR.sub('', text)

def isDisabled(text, index, tags = ['*']):
    """
    Return True if text[index] is disabled, e.g. by a comment or by nowiki tags.

    For the tags parameter, see removeDisabledParts() above.
    """
    # Find a marker that is not already in the text.
    marker = '@@'
    while marker in text:
        marker += '@'
    text = text[:index] + marker + text[index:]
    text = removeDisabledParts(text, tags)
    return (marker not in text)

# Part of library dealing with interwiki language links

# Note - MediaWiki supports two kinds of interwiki links; interlanguage and
#        interproject.  These functions only deal with links to a
#        corresponding page in another language on the same project (e.g.,
#        Wikipedia, Wiktionary, etc.) in another language. They do not find
#        or change links to a different project, or any that are formatted
#        as in-line interwiki links (e.g., "[[:es:Articulo]]".  (CONFIRM)

def getLanguageLinks(text, insite = None, pageLink = "[[]]"):
    """
    Return a dict of interlanguage links found in text.
    
    Dict uses language codes as keys and Page objects as values.
    Do not call this routine directly, use Page.interwikiLinks() method
    instead.

    """
    if insite == None:
        insite = getSite()
    result = {}
    # Ignore interwiki links within nowiki tags, includeonly tags, pre tags,
    # and HTML comments
    text = removeDisabledParts(text)

    # This regular expression will find every link that is possibly an
    # interwiki link.
    # NOTE: language codes are case-insensitive and only consist of basic latin
    # letters and hyphens.
    interwikiR = re.compile(r'\[\[([a-zA-Z\-]+)\s?:([^\[\]\n]*)\]\]')
    for lang, pagetitle in interwikiR.findall(text):
        lang = lang.lower()
        # Check if it really is in fact an interwiki link to a known
        # language, or if it's e.g. a category tag or an internal link
        if lang in insite.family.obsolete:
            lang = insite.family.obsolete[lang]
        if lang in insite.validLanguageLinks():
            if '|' in pagetitle:
                # ignore text after the pipe
                pagetitle = pagetitle[:pagetitle.index('|')]
            if not pagetitle:
                output(u"ERROR: %s - ignoring impossible link to %s:%s"
                       % (pageLink, lang, pagetitle))
            else:
                # we want the actual page objects rather than the titles
                site = insite.getSite(code = lang)
                try:
                    result[site] = Page(site, pagetitle, insite = insite)
                except Error:
                    output(
        u"[getLanguageLinks] Text contains invalid interwiki link [[%s:%s]]."
                           % (lang, pagetitle))
                    continue
    return result

def removeLanguageLinks(text, site = None, marker = ''):
    """Return text with all interlanguage links removed.

    If a link to an unknown language is encountered, a warning is printed.
    If a marker is defined, that string is placed at the location of the
    last occurence of an interwiki link (at the end if there are no
    interwikilinks).

    """
    if site == None:
        site = getSite()
    if not site.validLanguageLinks():
        return text
    # This regular expression will find every interwiki link, plus trailing
    # whitespace.
    languageR = '|'.join(site.validLanguageLinks())
    interwikiR = re.compile(r'\[\[(%s)\s?:[^\]]*\]\][\s]*'
                            % languageR, re.IGNORECASE)
    text = replaceExcept(text, interwikiR, '',
                         ['nowiki', 'comment', 'math', 'pre'], marker=marker)
    return text.strip()

def replaceLanguageLinks(oldtext, new, site = None):
    """Replace interlanguage links in the text with a new set of links.

    'new' should be a dict with the language names as keys, and Page objects
    as values (i.e., just like the dict returned by getLanguageLinks
    function).
    
    """
    # Find a marker that is not already in the text.
    marker = '@@'
    while marker in oldtext:
        marker += '@'
    if site == None:
        site = getSite()
    s = interwikiFormat(new, insite = site)
    s2 = removeLanguageLinks(oldtext, site = site, marker = marker)
    if s:
        if site.language() in site.family.interwiki_attop:
            newtext = s + site.family.interwiki_text_separator + s2.replace(marker,'').strip()
        else:
            # calculate what was after the language links on the page
            firstafter = s2.find(marker) + len(marker)
            # Is there any text in the 'after' part that means we should keep it after?
            if "</noinclude>" in s2[firstafter:]:
                newtext = s2[:firstafter] + s + s2[firstafter:]
            elif site.language() in site.family.categories_last:
                cats = getCategoryLinks(s2, site = site)
                s2 = removeCategoryLinks(s2.replace(marker,'').strip(), site) + site.family.interwiki_text_separator + s
                newtext = replaceCategoryLinks(s2, cats, site=site)
            else:
                newtext = s2.replace(marker,'').strip() + site.family.interwiki_text_separator + s
            newtext = newtext.replace(marker,'')
    else:
        newtext = s2.replace(marker,'')
    return newtext

def interwikiFormat(links, insite = None):
    """Convert interwiki link dict into a wikitext string.

    'links' should be a dict with the language codes as keys, and Page
    objects as values.

    Return a unicode string that is formatted for inclusion in insite
    (defaulting to the current site).
    
    """
    if insite is None:
        insite = getSite()
    if not links:
        return ''
    # Security check: site may not refer to itself.
    #
    # Disabled because MediaWiki was changed so that such links appear like
    # normal links, and some people accidentally use them for normal links.
    # While such links are bad style, they are not worth crashing the bot.
    #
    #for pl in links.values():
    #    if pl.site() == insite:
    #        raise ValueError("Trying to add interwiki link to self")
    s = []
    ar = links.keys()
    ar.sort()
    putfirst = insite.interwiki_putfirst()
    if putfirst:
        #In this case I might have to change the order
        ar2 = []
        for code in putfirst:
            # The code may not exist in this family?
            if code in getSite().validLanguageLinks():
                site = insite.getSite(code = code)
                if site in ar:
                    del ar[ar.index(site)]
                    ar2 = ar2 + [site]
        ar = ar2 + ar
    if insite.interwiki_putfirst_doubled(ar):
        ar = insite.interwiki_putfirst_doubled(ar) + ar
    for site in ar:
        try:
            link = links[site].aslink(forceInterwiki=True)
            s.append(link)
        except AttributeError:
            s.append(site.linkto(links[site], othersite=insite))
    if insite.lang in insite.family.interwiki_on_one_line:
        sep = u' '
    else:
        sep = u'\r\n'
    s=sep.join(s) + u'\r\n'
    return s

# Wikitext manipulation functions dealing with category links

def getCategoryLinks(text, site):
    import catlib
    """Return a list of category links found in text.

    List contains Category objects.
    Do not call this routine directly, use Page.categories() instead.

    """
    result = []
    # Ignore category links within nowiki tags, pre tags, includeonly tags,
    # and HTML comments
    text = removeDisabledParts(text)
    catNamespace = '|'.join(site.category_namespaces())
    R = re.compile(r'\[\[\s*(?P<namespace>%s)\s*:\s*(?P<catName>.+?)(?:\|(?P<sortKey>.+?))?\s*\]\]' % catNamespace)
    for match in R.finditer(text):
        cat = catlib.Category(site, '%s:%s' % (match.group('namespace'), match.group('catName')), sortKey = match.group('sortKey'))
        result.append(cat)
    return result

def removeCategoryLinks(text, site, marker = ''):
    """Return text with all category links removed.

    Put the string marker after the last replacement (at the end of the text
    if  there is no replacement).

    """
    # This regular expression will find every link that is possibly an
    # interwiki link, plus trailing whitespace. The language code is grouped.
    # NOTE: This assumes that language codes only consist of non-capital
    # ASCII letters and hyphens.
    catNamespace = '|'.join(site.category_namespaces())
    categoryR = re.compile(r'\[\[\s*(%s)\s*:.*?\]\][\s]*' % catNamespace)
    text = replaceExcept(text, categoryR, '', ['nowiki', 'comment', 'math', 'pre'], marker = marker)
    return text.strip()

def replaceCategoryInPlace(oldtext, oldcat, newcat, site=None):
    """Replace the category oldcat with the category newcat and then return
       the modified Wiki source.
    """
    #Note that this doesn't work yet and it has some very strange side-effects.

    if site is None:
        site = getSite()

    catNamespace = '|'.join(site.category_namespaces())
    title = oldcat.titleWithoutNamespace()
    if not title:
        return
    # title might contain regex special characters
    title = re.escape(title)
    # title might not be capitalized correctly on the wiki
    if title[0].isalpha() and not site.nocapitalize:
        title = "[%s%s]" % (title[0].upper(), title[0].lower()) + title[1:]
    # spaces and underscores in page titles are interchangeable, and collapsible
    title = title.replace(" ", "[ _]+")
    categoryR = re.compile(r'\[\[\s*(%s)\s*:\s*%s\s*((?:\|[^]]+)?\]\])'
                            % (catNamespace, title))
    if newcat is None:
        text = replaceExcept(oldtext, categoryR, '', ['nowiki', 'comment', 'math', 'pre'])    
    else:
        text = replaceExcept(oldtext, categoryR, '[[Category:%s\\2' % newcat.titleWithoutNamespace(), ['nowiki', 'comment', 'math', 'pre'])
    return text.strip()

def replaceCategoryLinks(oldtext, new, site=None):
    """Replace the category links given in the wikitext given
       in oldtext by the new links given in new.

       'new' should be a list of Category objects.
    """

    # Find a marker that is not already in the text.
    marker = '@@'
    while marker in oldtext:
        marker += '@'

    if site is None:
        site = getSite()
    if site.sitename() == 'wikipedia:de':
        raise Error('The PyWikipediaBot is no longer allowed to touch categories on the German Wikipedia. See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe_Diskussion:Personendaten/Archiv2#Position_der_Personendaten_am_.22Artikelende.22')

    s = categoryFormat(new, insite = site)
    s2 = removeCategoryLinks(oldtext, site = site, marker = marker)

    if s:
        if site.language() in site.family.category_attop:
            newtext = s + site.family.category_text_separator + s2
        else:
            # calculate what was after the categories links on the page
            firstafter = s2.find(marker)
            # Is there any text in the 'after' part that means we should keep it after?
            if "</noinclude>" in s2[firstafter:]:
                newtext = s2[:firstafter] + s + s2[firstafter:]
            elif site.language() in site.family.categories_last:
                newtext = s2.replace(marker,'').strip() + site.family.category_text_separator + s
            else:
                interwiki = getLanguageLinks(s2)
                s2 = removeLanguageLinks(s2.replace(marker,'').strip(), site) + site.family.category_text_separator + s
                newtext = replaceLanguageLinks(s2, interwiki, site)
        newtext = newtext.replace(marker,'')
    else:
        s2 = s2.replace(marker,'')
        return s2
    return newtext.strip()

def categoryFormat(categories, insite = None):
    """Return a string containing links to all categories in a list.

    'categories' should be a list of Category objects.

    The string is formatted for inclusion in insite.
    
    """
    if not categories:
        return ''
    if insite is None:
        insite = getSite()
    catLinks = [category.aslink() for category in categories]
    if insite.category_on_one_line():
        sep = ' '
    else:
        sep = '\r\n'
    # Some people don't like the categories sorted
    #catLinks.sort()
    return sep.join(catLinks) + '\r\n'

# end of category specific code
def url2link(percentname, insite, site):
    """Convert urlname of a wiki page into interwiki link format.

    'percentname' is the page title as given by Page.urlname();
    'insite' specifies the target Site;
    'site' is the Site on which the page is found.

    """
    # Note: this is only needed if linking between wikis that use different
    # encodings, so it is now largely obsolete.  [CONFIRM]
    percentname = percentname.replace('_', ' ')
    x = url2unicode(percentname, site = site)
    return unicode2html(x, insite.encoding())

def decodeEsperantoX(text):
    """
    Decode Esperanto text encoded using the x convention.
    
    E.g., Cxefpagxo and CXefpagXo will both be converted to Ĉefpaĝo.
    Note that to encode non-Esperanto words like Bordeaux, one uses a
    double x, i.e. Bordeauxx or BordeauxX.
    
    """
    chars = {
        u'c': u'ĉ',
        u'C': u'Ĉ',
        u'g': u'ĝ',
        u'G': u'Ĝ',
        u'h': u'ĥ',
        u'H': u'Ĥ',
        u'j': u'ĵ',
        u'J': u'Ĵ',
        u's': u'ŝ',
        u'S': u'Ŝ',
        u'u': u'ŭ',
        u'U': u'Ŭ',
    }
    for latin, esperanto in chars.iteritems():
        # A regular expression that matches a letter combination which IS
        # encoded using x-convention.
        xConvR = re.compile(latin + '[xX]+')
        pos = 0
        result = ''
        # Each matching substring will be regarded exactly once.
        while True:
            match = xConvR.search(text[pos:])
            if match:
                old = match.group()
                if len(old) % 2 == 0:
                    # The first two chars represent an Esperanto letter.
                    # Following x's are doubled.
                    new = esperanto + ''.join([old[2 * i]
                                               for i in range(1, len(old)/2)])
                else:
                    # The first character stays latin; only the x's are doubled.
                    new = latin + ''.join([old[2 * i + 1]
                                           for i in range(0, len(old)/2)])
                result += text[pos : match.start() + pos] + new
                pos += match.start() + len(old)
            else:
                result += text[pos:]
                text = result
                break
    return text

def encodeEsperantoX(text):
    """
    Convert standard wikitext to the Esperanto x-encoding.
    
    Double X-es where necessary so that we can submit a page to an Esperanto
    wiki. Again, we have to keep stupid stuff like cXxXxxX in mind. Maybe
    someone wants to write about the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-Uxx camera series on
    eo: ;)
    """
    # A regular expression that matches a letter combination which is NOT
    # encoded in x-convention.
    notXConvR = re.compile('[cghjsuCGHJSU][xX]+')
    pos = 0
    result = ''
    while True:
        match = notXConvR.search(text[pos:])
        if match:
            old = match.group()
            # the first letter stays; add an x after each X or x.
            new = old[0] + ''.join([old[i] + 'x' for i in range(1, len(old))])
            result += text[pos : match.start() + pos] + new
            pos += match.start() + len(old)
        else:
            result += text[pos:]
            text = result
            break
    return text

def sectionencode(text, encoding):
    """Encode text so that it can be used as a section title in wiki-links."""
    return urllib.quote(text.replace(" ","_").encode(encoding)).replace("%",".")

######## Unicode library functions ########

def UnicodeToAsciiHtml(s):
    """Convert unicode to a bytestring using HTML entities."""
    html = []
    for c in s:
        cord = ord(c)
        if cord < 128:
            html.append(c)
        else:
            html.append('&#%d;'%cord)
    return ''.join(html)

def url2unicode(title, site, site2 = None):
    """Convert url-encoded text to unicode using site's encoding.

    If site2 is provided, try its encodings as well.  Uses the first encoding
    that doesn't cause an error.
    
    """
    # create a list of all possible encodings for both hint sites
    encList = [site.encoding()] + list(site.encodings())
    if site2 and site2 <> site:
        encList.append(site.encoding())
        encList += list(site2.encodings())
    firstException = None
    # try to handle all encodings (will probably retry utf-8)
    for enc in encList:
        try:
            t = title.encode(enc)
            t = urllib.unquote(t)
            return unicode(t, enc)
        except UnicodeError, ex:
            if not firstException:
                firstException = ex
            pass
    # Couldn't convert, raise the original exception
    raise firstException

def unicode2html(x, encoding):
    """
    Ensure unicode string is encodable, or else convert to ASCII for HTML.
    
    Arguments are a unicode string and an encoding. Attempt to encode the
    string into the desired format; if that doesn't work, encode the unicode
    into html &#; entities. If it does work, return it unchanged.

    """
    try:
        x.encode(encoding)
    except UnicodeError:
        x = UnicodeToAsciiHtml(x)
    return x

def html2unicode(text, ignore = []):
    """Replace all HTML entities in text by equivalent unicode characters."""
    # This regular expression will match any decimal and hexadecimal entity and
    # also entities that might be named entities.
    entityR = re.compile(r'&(#(?P<decimal>\d+)|#x(?P<hex>[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?P<name>[A-Za-z]+));')
    result = u''
    i = 0
    found = True
    while found:
        text = text[i:]
        match = entityR.search(text)
        if match:
            unicodeCodepoint = None
            if match.group('decimal'):
                unicodeCodepoint = int(match.group('decimal'))
            elif match.group('hex'):
                unicodeCodepoint = int(match.group('hex'), 16)
            elif match.group('name'):
                name = match.group('name')
                if htmlentitydefs.name2codepoint.has_key(name):
                    # We found a known HTML entity.
                    unicodeCodepoint = htmlentitydefs.name2codepoint[name]
            result += text[:match.start()]
            if unicodeCodepoint and unicodeCodepoint not in ignore and (WIDEBUILD or unicodeCodepoint < 65534):
                result += unichr(unicodeCodepoint)
            else:
                # Leave the entity unchanged
                result += text[match.start():match.end()]
            i = match.end()
        else:
            result += text
            found = False
    return result


def Family(fam = None, fatal = True):
    """
    Import the named family.

    If fatal is True, the bot will stop running when the given family is
    unknown. If fatal is False, it will only raise a ValueError exception.
    """
    if fam == None:
        fam = config.family
    try:
        # search for family module in the 'families' subdirectory
        sys.path.append(datafilepath('families'))
        exec "import %s_family as myfamily" % fam
    except ImportError:
        if fatal:
            output(u"""\
Error importing the %s family. This probably means the family
does not exist. Also check your configuration file."""
                       % fam)
            import traceback
            traceback.print_stack()
            sys.exit(1)
        else:
            raise ValueError("Family does not exist")
    return myfamily.Family()


class Site(object):
    """A MediaWiki site. Do not instantiate directly; use getSite() function.

    Constructor takes four arguments; only code is mandatory:

    code            language code for Site
    fam             Wikimedia family (optional: defaults to configured).
                    Can either be a string or a Family object.
    user            User to use (optional: defaults to configured)
    persistent_http Use a persistent http connection. An http connection
                    has to be established only once, making stuff a whole
                    lot faster. Do NOT EVER use this if you share Site
                    objects across threads without proper locking.

    Methods:
    
    language: This Site's language code.
    family: This Site's Family object.
    sitename: A string representing this Site.
    languages: A list of all languages contained in this site's Family.
    validLanguageLinks: A list of language codes that can be used in interwiki
        links.

    loggedInAs: return current username, or None if not logged in.
    forceLogin: require the user to log in to the site
    messages: return True if there are new messages on the site
    cookies: return user's cookies as a string
    
    getUrl: retrieve an URL from the site
    urlEncode: Encode a query to be sent using an http POST request.
    postForm: Post form data to an address at this site.
    postData: Post encoded form data to an http address at this site.

    namespace(num): Return local name of namespace 'num'.
    normalizeNamespace(value): Return preferred name for namespace 'value' in
        this Site's language.
    namespaces: Return list of canonical namespace names for this Site.
    getNamespaceIndex(name): Return the int index of namespace 'name', or None
        if invalid.
    
    redirect: Return the localized redirect tag for the site.
    redirectRegex: Return compiled regular expression matching on redirect
                   pages.
    mediawiki_message: Retrieve the text of a specified MediaWiki message
    has_mediawiki_message: True if this site defines specified MediaWiki
                           message

    shared_image_repository: Return tuple of image repositories used by this
        site.
    category_on_one_line: Return True if this site wants all category links
        on one line.
    interwiki_putfirst: Return list of language codes for ordering of
        interwiki links.
    linkto(title): Return string in the form of a wikilink to 'title'
    isInterwikiLink(s): Return True if 's' is in the form of an interwiki
                        link.
    getSite(lang): Return Site object for wiki in same family, language
                   'lang'.
    version: Return MediaWiki version string from Family file.
    versionnumber: Return int identifying the MediaWiki version.
    live_version: Return version number read from Special:Version.
    checkCharset(charset): Warn if charset doesn't match family file.

    linktrail: Return regex for trailing chars displayed as part of a link.
    disambcategory: Category in which disambiguation pages are listed.

    Methods that yield Page objects derived from a wiki's Special: pages
    (note, some methods yield other information in a tuple along with the
    Pages; see method docs for details) --

        search(query): query results from Special:Search
        allpages(): Special:Allpages
        newpages(): Special:Newpages
        longpages(): Special:Longpages
        shortpages(): Special:Shortpages
        categories(): Special:Categories (yields Category objects)
        deadendpages(): Special:Deadendpages
        ancientpages(): Special:Ancientpages
        lonelypages(): Special:Lonelypages
        unwatchedpages(): Special:Unwatchedpages (sysop accounts only)
        uncategorizedcategories(): Special:Uncategorizedcategories (yields
            Category objects)
        uncategorizedpages(): Special:Uncategorizedpages
        uncategorizedimages(): Special:Uncategorizedimages (yields
            ImagePage objects)
        unusedcategories(): Special:Unusuedcategories (yields Category)
        unusedfiles(): Special:Unusedimages (yields ImagePage)
        withoutinterwiki: Special:Withoutinterwiki
        linksearch: Special:Linksearch

    Convenience methods that provide access to properties of the wiki Family
    object; all of these are read-only and return a unicode string unless
    noted --

        encoding: The current encoding for this site.
        encodings: List of all historical encodings for this site.
        category_namespace: Canonical name of the Category namespace on this
            site.
        category_namespaces: List of all valid names for the Category
            namespace.
        image_namespace: Canonical name of the Image namespace on this site.
        template_namespace: Canonical name of the Template namespace on this
            site.
        protocol: Protocol ('http' or 'https') for access to this site.
        hostname: Host portion of site URL.
        path: URL path for index.php on this Site.
        dbName: MySQL database name.

    Methods that return addresses to pages on this site (usually in
    Special: namespace); these methods only return URL paths, they do not
    interact with the wiki --
    
        export_address: Special:Export.
        query_address: URL path + '?' for query.php
        api_address: URL path + '?' for api.php
        apipath: URL path for api.php
        move_address: Special:Movepage.
        delete_address(s): Delete title 's'.
        undelete_view_address(s): Special:Undelete for title 's'
        undelete_address: Special:Undelete.
        protect_address(s): Protect title 's'.
        unprotect_address(s): Unprotect title 's'.
        put_address(s): Submit revision to page titled 's'.
        get_address(s): Retrieve page titled 's'.
        nice_get_address(s): Short URL path to retrieve page titled 's'.
        edit_address(s): Edit form for page titled 's'.
        purge_address(s): Purge cache and retrieve page 's'.
        block_address: Block an IP address.
        unblock_address: Unblock an IP address.
        blocksearch_address(s): Search for blocks on IP address 's'.
        linksearch_address(s): Special:Linksearch for target 's'.
        search_address(q): Special:Search for query 'q'.
        allpages_address(s): Special:Allpages.
        newpages_address: Special:Newpages.
        longpages_address: Special:Longpages.
        shortpages_address: Special:Shortpages.
        unusedfiles_address: Special:Unusedimages.
        categories_address: Special:Categories.
        deadendpages_address: Special:Deadendpages.
        ancientpages_address: Special:Ancientpages.
        lonelypages_address: Special:Lonelypages.
        unwatchedpages_address: Special:Unwatchedpages.
        uncategorizedcategories_address: Special:Uncategorizedcategories.
        uncategorizedimages_address: Special:Uncategorizedimages.
        uncategorizedpages_address: Special:Uncategorizedpages.
        unusedcategories_address: Special:Unusedcategories.
        withoutinterwiki_address: Special:Withoutinterwiki.
        references_address(s): Special:Whatlinksere for page 's'.
        allmessages_address: Special:Allmessages.
        upload_address: Special:Upload.
        maintenance_address(sub): Special:Maintenance for subfunction 'sub'.
        double_redirects_address: Special:Doubleredirects.
        broken_redirects_address: Special:Brokenredirects.
        login_address: Special:Userlogin.
        captcha_image_address(id): Special:Captcha for image 'id'.
        watchlist_address: Special:Watchlist editor.
        contribs_address(target): Special:Contributions for user 'target'.

    """
    def __init__(self, code, fam=None, user=None, persistent_http = None):
        self.lang = code.lower()
        if isinstance(fam, basestring) or fam is None:
            self.family = Family(fam, fatal = False)
        else:
            self.family = fam
            
        if self.lang not in self.languages():
            if self.lang == 'zh-classic' and 'zh-classical' in self.languages():
                self.lang = 'zh-classical'
                # ev0l database hack (database is varchar[10] -> zh-classical is cut to zh-classic.
            else:                
                raise KeyError("Language %s does not exist in family %s"%(self.lang,self.family.name))

        # if we got an outdated language code, use the new one instead.
        if self.lang in self.family.obsolete and self.family.obsolete[self.lang]:
            self.lang = self.family.obsolete[self.lang]

        self.messages=False
        self._mediawiki_messages = {}
        self.nocapitalize = self.lang in self.family.nocapitalize
        self.user = user
        self._token = None
        self._sysoptoken = None
        self.loginStatusKnown = {}
        self._loggedInAs = None
        self.userGroups = []
        # Calculating valid languages took quite long, so we calculate it once
        # in initialization instead of each time it is used.
        self._validlanguages = []
        for language in self.languages():
            if not language[0].upper() + language[1:] in self.namespaces():
                self._validlanguages.append(language)

        if persistent_http is None:
            persistent_http = config.persistent_http
        self.persistent_http = persistent_http and self.protocol() in ('http', 'https')
        if persistent_http:
            if self.protocol() == 'http':
                self.conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(self.hostname())
            elif self.protocol() == 'https':
                self.conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection(self.hostname())

        self.sandboxpage = Page(self, self.family.sandboxpage(code))

    def loggedInAs(self, sysop = False):
        """Return the current username if logged in, otherwise return None.

        Checks if we're logged in by loading a page and looking for the login
        link. We assume that we're not being logged out during a bot run, so
        loading the test page is only required once.

        """
        self._loadCookies(sysop = sysop)
        if not self.loginStatusKnown:
            output(u'Getting a page to check if we\'re logged in on %s' % self)
            path = self.put_address('Non-existing_page')
            text = self.getUrl(path, sysop = sysop)
            # Search for the "my talk" link at the top
            mytalkR = re.compile('<li id="pt-userpage"><a href=".+?">(?P<username>.+?)</a></li>')
            m = mytalkR.search(text)
            if m:
                self.loginStatusKnown = True
                self._loggedInAs = m.group('username')
                # While we're at it, check if we have got unread messages
                if '<div class="usermessage">' in text:
                    output(u'NOTE: You have unread messages on %s' % self)
                    messages=True
                else:
                    messages=False
                # Check whether we found a token
                Rwatch = re.compile(r"\<input type='hidden' value=\"(.*?)\" name=\"wpEditToken\"")
                tokenloc = Rwatch.search(text)
                if tokenloc:
                    self.putToken(tokenloc.group(1), sysop = sysop)
        return self._loggedInAs

    def forceLogin(self, sysop = False):
        """Log the user in if not already logged in."""
        if not self.loggedInAs(sysop = sysop):
            loginMan = login.LoginManager(site = self, sysop = sysop)
            if loginMan.login(retry = True):
                self.loginStatusKnown = True
                self._loggedInAs = loginMan.username

    def cookies(self, sysop = False):
        """Return a string containing the user's current cookies."""
        # TODO: cookie caching is disabled
        #if not hasattr(self,'_cookies'):
        self._loadCookies(sysop = sysop)
        return self._cookies

    def _loadCookies(self, sysop = False):
        """Retrieve session cookies for login"""
        try:
            if sysop:
                try:
                    username = config.sysopnames[self.family.name][self.lang]
                except KeyError:
                    raise NoUsername("""\
You tried to perform an action that requires admin privileges, but you haven't
entered your sysop name in your user-config.py. Please add
sysopnames['%s']['%s']='name' to your user-config.py"""
                                     % (self.family.name, self.lang))
            else:
                username = config.usernames[self.family.name][self.lang]
        except KeyError:
            self._cookies = None
            self.loginStatusKnown = True
        else:
            tmp = '%s-%s-%s-login.data' % (
                    self.family.name, self.lang, username)
            fn = datafilepath('login-data', tmp)
            if not os.path.exists(fn):
                self._cookies = None
                self.loginStatusKnown = True
            else:
                f = open(fn)
                self._cookies = '; '.join([x.strip() for x in f.readlines()])
                f.close()

    def urlEncode(self, query):
        """Encode a query so that it can be sent using an http POST request."""
        if not query:
            return None
        if hasattr(query, 'iteritems'):
            iterator = query.iteritems()
        else:
            iterator = iter(query)
        l = []
        for key, value in iterator:
            if isinstance(key, unicode):
                key = key.encode('utf-8')
            if isinstance(value, unicode):
                value = value.encode('utf-8')
            key = urllib.quote(key)
            value = urllib.quote(value)
            l.append(key + '=' + value)
        return '&'.join(l)

    def postForm(self, address, predata, sysop=False, useCookie=True):
        """Post http form data to the given address at this site.
        
        address is the absolute path without hostname.
        predata is a dict or any iterable that can be converted to a dict,
        containing keys and values for the http form.
        
        Return a (response, data) tuple, where response is the HTTP
        response object and data is a Unicode string containing the
        body of the response.
        
        """
        data = self.urlEncode(predata)
        try:
            return self.postData(address, data, sysop=sysop,
                                 useCookie=useCookie)
        except socket.error, e:
            raise ServerError(e)

    def postData(self, address, data,
                 contentType='application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                 sysop=False, useCookie=True):
        """Post encoded data to the given http address at this site.
        
        address is the absolute path without hostname.
        data is an ASCII string that has been URL-encoded.
        
        Returns a (response, data) tuple where response is the HTTP
        response object and data is a Unicode string containing the
        body of the response.
        """

        # TODO: add the authenticate stuff here

        if self.persistent_http:
            conn = self.conn
        else:
            # Encode all of this into a HTTP request
            if self.protocol() == 'http':
                conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(self.hostname())
            elif self.protocol() == 'https':
                conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection(self.hostname())
            # otherwise, it will crash, as other protocols are not supported

        conn.putrequest('POST', address)
        conn.putheader('Content-Length', str(len(data)))
        conn.putheader('Content-type', contentType)
        conn.putheader('User-agent', useragent)
        if useCookie and self.cookies(sysop = sysop):
            conn.putheader('Cookie', self.cookies(sysop = sysop))
        if self.persistent_http:
            conn.putheader('Connection', 'Keep-Alive')
        conn.endheaders()
        conn.send(data)

        # Prepare the return values
        # Note that this can raise network exceptions which are not
        # caught here.
        try:
            response = conn.getresponse()
        except httplib.BadStatusLine:
            # Blub.
            conn.close()
            conn.connect()
            return self.postData(address, data, contentType, sysop, useCookie)
        data = response.read().decode(self.encoding())
        response.close()
        if not self.persistent_http:
            conn.close()
        return response, data

    r_userGroups = re.compile(ur'var wgUserGroups \= (.*)\;')
    def getUrl(self, path, retry = True, sysop = False, data = None, compress = True):
        """
        Low-level routine to get a URL from the wiki.

        Parameters:
            path  - The absolute path, without the hostname.
            retry - If True, retries loading the page when a network error
                    occurs.
            sysop - If True, the sysop account's cookie will be used.
            data  - An optional dict providing extra post request parameters

           Returns the HTML text of the page converted to unicode.
        """
        if self.persistent_http and not data:
            self.conn.putrequest('GET', path)
            self.conn.putheader('User-agent', useragent)
            self.conn.putheader('Cookie', self.cookies(sysop = sysop))
            self.conn.putheader('Connection', 'Keep-Alive')
            if compress:
                    self.conn.putheader('Accept-encoding', 'gzip')
            self.conn.endheaders()

            # Prepare the return values
            # Note that this can raise network exceptions which are not
            # caught here.
            try:
                response = self.conn.getresponse()
            except httplib.BadStatusLine:
                # Blub.
                self.conn.close()
                self.conn.connect()
                return self.getUrl(path, retry, sysop, data, compress)

            text = response.read()
            contentType = response.getheader('Content-Type')
            contentEncoding = response.getheader('Content-Encoding')
        else:
            if self.hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
                uo = authenticateURLopener
            else:
                uo = MyURLopener()
                if self.cookies(sysop = sysop):
                    uo.addheader('Cookie', self.cookies(sysop = sysop))
                if compress:
                    uo.addheader('Accept-encoding', 'gzip')

            url = '%s://%s%s' % (self.protocol(), self.hostname(), path)
            data = self.urlEncode(data)

            # Try to retrieve the page until it was successfully loaded (just in
            # case the server is down or overloaded).
            # Wait for retry_idle_time minutes (growing!) between retries.
            retry_idle_time = 1
            retrieved = False
            while not retrieved:
                try:
                    if self.hostname() in config.authenticate.keys():
                        if compress:
                            request = urllib2.Request(url, data)
                            request.add_header('Accept-encoding', 'gzip')
                            opener = urllib2.build_opener()
                            f = opener.open(request)
                        else:
                            f = urllib2.urlopen(url, data)
                    else:
                        f = uo.open(url, data)
                    retrieved = True
                except KeyboardInterrupt:
                    raise
                except Exception, e:
                    if retry:
                        # We assume that the server is down. Wait some time, then try again.
                        output(u"%s" % e)
                        output(u"""\
WARNING: Could not open '%s://%s%s'. Maybe the server or
your connection is down. Retrying in %i minutes..."""
                               % (self.protocol(), self.hostname(), path,
                                  retry_idle_time))
                        time.sleep(retry_idle_time * 60)
                        # Next time wait longer, but not longer than half an hour
                        retry_idle_time *= 2
                        if retry_idle_time > 30:
                            retry_idle_time = 30
                    else:
                        raise
            text = f.read()

            # Find charset in the content-type meta tag
            contentType = f.info()['Content-Type']
            contentEncoding = f.headers.get('Content-Encoding')

        if compress and contentEncoding == 'gzip':
            # Use cStringIO if available
            # TODO: rewrite gzip.py such that it supports unseekable fileobjects.
            try:
                from cStringIO import StringIO
            except ImportError:
                from StringIO import StringIO
            import gzip
            compressedstream = StringIO(text)
            gzipper = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=compressedstream)
            text = gzipper.read()

        R = re.compile('charset=([^\'\";]+)')
        m = R.search(contentType)
        if m:
            charset = m.group(1)
        else:
            output(u"WARNING: No character set found.")
            # UTF-8 as default
            charset = 'utf-8'
        # Check if this is the charset we expected
        self.checkCharset(charset)
        # Convert HTML to Unicode
        try:
            text = unicode(text, charset, errors = 'strict')
        except UnicodeDecodeError, e:
            print e
            output(u'ERROR: Invalid characters found on %s://%s%s, replaced by \\ufffd.' % (self.protocol(), self.hostname(), path))
            # We use error='replace' in case of bad encoding.
            text = unicode(text, charset, errors = 'replace')

        # Try and see whether we can extract the user groups
        match = self.r_userGroups.search(text)
        if match:
            self.userGroups = []
            if match.group(1) != 'null':
                uG = match.group(1)[1:-1].split(', ')
                for group in uG:
                    if group.strip('"') != '*':
                        self.userGroups.append(group.strip('"'))

        return text

    def mediawiki_message(self, key):
        """Return the MediaWiki message text for key "key" """
        global mwpage, tree
        if key not in self._mediawiki_messages.keys() \
                and not hasattr(self, "_phploaded"):
            retry_idle_time = 1
            while True:
                get_throttle()
                mwpage = self.getUrl("%s?title=%s:%s&action=edit"
                         % (self.path(), urllib.quote(
                                self.namespace(8).replace(' ', '_').encode(
                                    self.encoding())),
                            key))
                tree = BeautifulSoup(mwpage,
                                     convertEntities=BeautifulSoup.HTML_ENTITIES,
                                     parseOnlyThese=SoupStrainer("textarea"))
                if tree.textarea is None:
                    # We assume that the server is down.
                    # Wait some time, then try again.
                    output(
u"""WARNING: No text area found on %s%s?title=MediaWiki:%s&action=edit.
Maybe the server is down. Retrying in %i minutes..."""
                        % (self.hostname(), self.path(), key, retry_idle_time)
                    )
                    time.sleep(retry_idle_time * 60)
                    # Next time wait longer, but not longer than half an hour
                    retry_idle_time *= 2
                    if retry_idle_time > 30:
                        retry_idle_time = 30
                    continue
                break
            value = tree.textarea.string.strip()
            if value:
                self._mediawiki_messages[key] = value
            else:
                self._mediawiki_messages[key] = None
                # Fallback in case MediaWiki: page method doesn't work
                if verbose:
                    output(
                      u"Retrieving mediawiki messages from Special:Allmessages")
                get_throttle()
                phppage = self.getUrl(self.get_address("Special:Allmessages")
                                      + "&ot=php")
                Rphpvals = re.compile(r"(?ms)'([^']*)' =&gt; '(.*?[^\\])',")
                for (phpkey, phpval) in Rphpvals.findall(phppage):
                    self._mediawiki_messages[str(phpkey)] = phpval
                self._phploaded = True

        if self._mediawiki_messages[key] is None:
            raise KeyError("MediaWiki key '%s' does not exist on %s"
                           % (key, self))
        return self._mediawiki_messages[key]

    def has_mediawiki_message(self, key):
        """Return True iff this site defines a MediaWiki message for 'key'."""
        try:
            v = self.mediawiki_message(key)
            return True
        except KeyError:
            return False

    def search(self, query, number = 10, namespaces = None):
        """Yield search results (using Special:Search page) for query."""
        throttle = True
        path = self.search_address(urllib.quote_plus(query),
                                   n=number, ns=namespaces)
        get_throttle()
        html = self.getUrl(path)

        entryR = re.compile(ur'<li[^>]*><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a>'
                              '<br />(?P<match>.*?)<span style="color[^>]*>.+?: '
                              '(?P<relevance>[0-9.]+)% - '
#                              '(?P<size>[0-9.]*) '
#                              '(?P<sizeunit>[A-Za-z]) '
#                              '\((?P<words>.+?) \w+\) - '
#                              '(?P<date>.+?)</span></li>'
                              , re.DOTALL)

        for m in entryR.finditer(html):
            page = Page(self, m.group('title'))
            match = m.group('match')
            relevance = m.group('relevance')
            #size = m.group('size')
            ## sizeunit appears to always be "KB"
            #words = m.group('words')
            #date = m.group('date')

            #print "%s - %s %s (%s words) - %s" % (relevance, size, sizeunit, words, date)

            #yield page, match, relevance, size, words, date
            yield page, match, relevance, '', '', ''

    # TODO: avoid code duplication for the following methods
    def newpages(self, number = 10, get_redirect = False, repeat = False):
        """Yield new articles (as Page objects) from Special:Newpages.

        Starts with the newest article and fetches the number of articles
        specified in the first argument. If repeat is True, it fetches
        Newpages again. If there is no new page, it blocks until there is
        one, sleeping between subsequent fetches of Newpages.

        The objects yielded are tuples composed of the Page object,
        timestamp (unicode), length (int), an empty unicode string, username
        or IP address (str), comment (unicode).
           
        """
        # TODO: in recent MW versions Special:Newpages takes a namespace parameter,
        #       and defaults to 0 if not specified.
        # TODO: Detection of unregistered users is broken
        # TODO: Repeat mechanism doesn't make much sense as implemented;
        #       should use both offset and limit parameters, and have an
        #       option to fetch older rather than newer pages
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.newpages_address(n=number)
            # The throttling is important here, so always enabled.
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)

            entryR = re.compile(
'<li[^>]*>(?P<date>.+?) \S*?<a href=".+?"'
' title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a>.+?[\(\[](?P<length>[\d,.]+)[^\)\]]*[\)\]]'
' .?<a href=".+?" title=".+?:(?P<username>.+?)">'
                                )
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                date = m.group('date')
                title = m.group('title')
                title = title.replace('&quot;', '"')
                length = int(re.sub("[,.]", "", m.group('length')))
                loggedIn = u''
                username = m.group('username')
                comment = u''

                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page, date, length, loggedIn, username, comment
            if not repeat:
                break

    def longpages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Pages from Special:Longpages.

        Return values are a tuple of Page object, length(int).

        """
        #TODO: should use offset and limit parameters; 'repeat' as now
        #      implemented is fairly useless
        # this comment applies to all the XXXXpages methods following, as well
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.longpages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(ur'<li>\(<a href=".+?" title=".+?">hist</a>\) ‎<a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a> ‎\[(?P<length>\d+)(.+?)\]</li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                length = int(m.group('length'))
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page, length
            if not repeat:
                break

    def shortpages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Pages and lengths from Special:Shortpages."""
        throttle = True
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.shortpages_address(n = number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(ur'<li>\(<a href=".+?" title=".+?">hist</a>\) ‎<a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a> ‎\[(?P<length>\d+)(.+?)\]</li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                length = int(m.group('length'))

                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page, length
            if not repeat:
                break

    def categories(self, number=10, repeat=False):
        """Yield Category objects from Special:Categories"""
        import catlib
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.categories_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(
                '<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a>.*?</li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = catlib.Category(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def deadendpages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Page objects retrieved from Special:Deadendpages."""
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.deadendpages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(
                '<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a></li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')

                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def ancientpages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Pages, datestamps from Special:Ancientpages."""
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.ancientpages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(
'<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a> (?P<date>.+?)</li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                date = m.group('date')
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page, date
            if not repeat:
                break

    def lonelypages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Pages retrieved from Special:Lonelypages."""
        throttle = True
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.lonelypages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(
                '<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a></li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')

                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def unwatchedpages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Pages from Special:Unwatchedpages (requires Admin privileges)."""
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.unwatchedpages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path, sysop = True)
            entryR = re.compile(
                '<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a>.+?</li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def uncategorizedcategories(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Categories from Special:Uncategorizedcategories."""
        import catlib
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.uncategorizedcategories_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(
                '<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a></li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = catlib.Category(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def uncategorizedimages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield ImagePages from Special:Uncategorizedimages."""
        seen = set()
        ns = self.image_namespace()
        entryR = re.compile(
            '<a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>%s:.+?)">.+?</a>' % ns)
        while True:
            path = self.uncategorizedimages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = ImagePage(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def uncategorizedpages(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Pages from Special:Uncategorizedpages."""
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.uncategorizedpages_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile(
                '<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a></li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')

                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def unusedcategories(self, number = 10, repeat = False):
        """Yield Category objects from Special:Unusedcategories."""
        import catlib
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.unusedcategories_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile('<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a></li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')

                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = catlib.Category(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def unusedfiles(self, number = 10, repeat = False, extension = None):
        """Yield ImagePage objects from Special:Unusedimages."""
        seen = set()
        ns = self.image_namespace()
        entryR = re.compile(
            '<a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>%s:.+?)">.+?</a>' % ns)
        while True:
            path = self.unusedfiles_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                fileext = None
                title = m.group('title')
                if extension:
                    fileext = title[len(title)-3:]
                if title not in seen and fileext == extension:
                    ## Check whether the media is used in a Proofread page
                    # code disabled because it slows this method down, and
                    # because it is unclear what it's supposed to do.
                    #basename = title[6:]
                    #page = Page(self, 'Page:' + basename)

                    #if not page.exists():
                    seen.add(title)
                    image = ImagePage(self, title)
                    yield image
            if not repeat:
                break

    def withoutinterwiki(self, number=10, repeat=False):
        """Yield Pages without language links from Special:Withoutinterwiki."""
        seen = set()
        while True:
            path = self.withoutinterwiki_address(n=number)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            entryR = re.compile('<li><a href=".+?" title="(?P<title>.+?)">.+?</a></li>')
            for m in entryR.finditer(html):
                title = m.group('title')
                if title not in seen:
                    seen.add(title)
                    page = Page(self, title)
                    yield page
            if not repeat:
                break

    def allpages(self, start='!', namespace=0, includeredirects=True,
                 throttle=True):
        """Yield all Pages from Special:Allpages.

        Parameters:
        start   Start at this page. By default, it starts at '!', and yields
                all pages.
        namespace Yield all pages in this namespace; defaults to 0.
                MediaWiki software will only return pages in one namespace
                at a time.

        If includeredirects is False, redirects will not be found.
        If includeredirects equals the string 'only', only redirects
        will be found. Note that this has not been tested on older
        versions of the MediaWiki code.

        It is advised not to use this directly, but to use the
        AllpagesPageGenerator from pagegenerators.py instead.
           
        """
        while True:
            # encode Non-ASCII characters in hexadecimal format (e.g. %F6)
            start = start.encode(self.encoding())
            start = urllib.quote(start)
            # load a list which contains a series of article names (always 480)
            path = self.allpages_address(start, namespace)
            output(u'Retrieving Allpages special page for %s from %s, namespace %i' % (repr(self), start, namespace))
            returned_html = self.getUrl(path)
            # Try to find begin and end markers
            try:
                # In 1.4, another table was added above the navigational links
                if self.versionnumber() >= 4:
                    begin_s = '</table><hr /><table'
                    end_s = '</table'
                else:
                    begin_s = '<table'
                    end_s = '</table'
                ibegin = returned_html.index(begin_s)
                iend = returned_html.index(end_s,ibegin + 3)
            except ValueError:
                raise ServerError(
"Couldn't extract allpages special page. Make sure you're using MonoBook skin.")
            # remove the irrelevant sections
            returned_html = returned_html[ibegin:iend]
            if self.versionnumber()==2:
                R = re.compile('/wiki/(.*?)\" *class=[\'\"]printable')
            elif self.versionnumber()<5:
                # Apparently the special code for redirects was added in 1.5
                R = re.compile('title ?=\"(.*?)\"')
            elif not includeredirects:
                R = re.compile('\<td\>\<a href=\"\S*\" +title ?="(.*?)"')
            elif includeredirects == 'only':
                R = re.compile('\<td>\<[^\<\>]*allpagesredirect\"\>\<a href=\"\S*\" +title ?="(.*?)"')
            else:
                R = re.compile('title ?=\"(.*?)\"')
            # Count the number of useful links on this page
            n = 0
            for hit in R.findall(returned_html):
                # count how many articles we found on the current page
                n = n + 1
                if self.versionnumber()==2:
                    yield Page(self, url2link(hit, site = self, insite = self))
                else:
                    yield Page(self, hit)
                # save the last hit, so that we know where to continue when we
                # finished all articles on the current page. Append a '!' so that
                # we don't yield a page twice.
                start = Page(self,hit).titleWithoutNamespace() + '!'
            # A small shortcut: if there are less than 100 pages listed on this
            # page, there is certainly no next. Probably 480 would do as well,
            # but better be safe than sorry.
            if n < 100:
                if (not includeredirects) or includeredirects == 'only':
                    # Maybe there were only so few because the rest is or is not a redirect
                    R = re.compile('title ?=\"(.*?)\"')
                    if len(R.findall(returned_html)) < 100:
                        break
                else:
                    break

    def linksearch(self, siteurl):
        """Yield Pages from results of Special:Linksearch for 'siteurl'."""
        if siteurl.startswith('*.'):
            siteurl = siteurl[2:]
        for url in [siteurl, "*."+siteurl]:
            path = self.family.linksearch_address(self.lang, url)
            get_throttle()
            html = self.getUrl(path)
            loc = html.find('<div class="mw-spcontent">')
            if loc > -1:
                html = html[loc:]
            loc = html.find('<div class="printfooter">')
            if loc > -1:
                html = html[:loc]
            R = re.compile('title ?=\"(.*?)\"')
            for title in R.findall(html):
                if not siteurl in title:
                    # the links themselves have similar form
                    yield Page(self,title)

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.family.name+":"+self.lang

    def linkto(self, title, othersite = None):
        """Return unicode string in the form of a wikilink to 'title'

        Use optional Site argument 'othersite' to generate an interwiki link.

        """
        if othersite and othersite.lang != self.lang:
            return u'[[%s:%s]]' % (self.lang, title)
        else:
            return u'[[%s]]' % title

    def isInterwikiLink(self, s):
        """Return True if s is in the form of an interwiki link.

        Interwiki links have the form "foo:bar" or ":foo:bar" where foo is a
        known language code or family. Called recursively if the first part
        of the link refers to this site's own family and/or language.
        
        """
        s = s.strip().lstrip(":")
        if not ':' in s:
            return False
        first, rest = s.split(':',1)
        # interwiki codes are case-insensitive
        first = first.lower().strip()
        # commons: forwards interlanguage links to wikipedia:, etc.
        if self.family.interwiki_forward:
            interlangTargetFamily = Family(self.family.interwiki_forward)
        else:
            interlangTargetFamily = self.family
        if self.getNamespaceIndex(first):
            return False
        if first in interlangTargetFamily.langs:
            if first == self.lang:
                return self.isInterwikiLink(rest)
            else:
                return True
        if first in self.family.get_known_families(site = self):
            if first == self.family.name:
                return self.isInterwikiLink(rest)
            else:
                return True
        return False

    def redirect(self, default = False):
        """Return the localized redirect tag for the site.

        If default is True, falls back to 'REDIRECT' if the site has no
        special redirect tag.
        
        """
        if default:
            return self.family.redirect.get(self.lang, "REDIRECT")
        else:
            return self.family.redirect.get(self.lang, None)

    def redirectRegex(self):
        """Return a compiled regular expression matching on redirect pages.

        Group 1 in the regex match object will be the target title.
        
        """
        try:
            redirKeywords = [u'redirect'] + self.family.redirect[self.lang]
            redirKeywordsR = r'(?:' + '|'.join(redirKeywords) + ')'
        except KeyError:
            # no localized keyword for redirects
            redirKeywordsR = r'redirect'
        # A redirect starts with hash (#), followed by a keyword, then
        # arbitrary stuff, then a wikilink. The wikilink may contain
        # a label, although this is not useful.
        return re.compile(r'# *' + redirKeywordsR +
                                   '.*?\[\[(.*?)(?:\|.*?)?\]\]',
                          re.IGNORECASE | re.UNICODE | re.DOTALL)

    # The following methods are for convenience, so that you can access
    # methods of the Family class easier.
    def encoding(self):
        """Return the current encoding for this site."""
        return self.family.code2encoding(self.lang)

    def encodings(self):
        """Return a list of all historical encodings for this site."""
        return self.family.code2encodings(self.lang)

    def category_namespace(self):
        """Return the canonical name of the Category namespace on this site."""
        # equivalent to self.namespace(14)?
        return self.family.category_namespace(self.lang)

    def category_namespaces(self):
        """Return a list of all valid names for the Category namespace."""
        return self.family.category_namespaces(self.lang)

    def image_namespace(self, fallback = '_default'):
        """Return the canonical name of the Image namespace on this site."""
        # equivalent to self.namespace(6)?
        return self.family.image_namespace(self.lang, fallback)

    def template_namespace(self, fallback = '_default'):
        """Return the canonical name of the Template namespace on this site."""
        # equivalent to self.namespace(10)?
        return self.family.template_namespace(self.lang, fallback)

    def export_address(self):
        """Return URL path for Special:Export."""
        return self.family.export_address(self.lang)

    def query_address(self):
        """Return URL path + '?' for query.php (if enabled on this Site)."""
        return self.family.query_address(self.lang)

    def api_address(self):
        """Return URL path + '?' for api.php (if enabled on this Site)."""
        return self.family.api_address(self.lang)

    def apipath(self):
        """Return URL path for api.php (if enabled on this Site)."""
        return self.family.apipath(self.lang)

    def protocol(self):
        """Return protocol ('http' or 'https') for access to this site."""
        return self.family.protocol(self.lang)

    def hostname(self):
        """Return host portion of site URL."""
        return self.family.hostname(self.lang)

    def path(self):
        """Return URL path for index.php on this Site."""
        return self.family.path(self.lang)

    def dbName(self):
        """Return MySQL database name."""
        return self.family.dbName(self.lang)

    def move_address(self):
        """Return URL path for Special:Movepage."""
        return self.family.move_address(self.lang)

    def delete_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path to delete title 's'."""
        return self.family.delete_address(self.lang, s)

    def undelete_view_address(self, s, ts=''):
        """Return URL path to view Special:Undelete for title 's'

        Optional argument 'ts' returns path to view specific deleted version.

        """
        return self.family.undelete_view_address(self.lang, s, ts)

    def undelete_address(self):
        """Return URL path to Special:Undelete."""
        return self.family.undelete_address(self.lang)

    def protect_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path to protect title 's'."""
        return self.family.protect_address(self.lang, s)

    def unprotect_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path to unprotect title 's'."""
        return self.family.unprotect_address(self.lang, s)

    def put_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path to submit revision to page titled 's'."""
        return self.family.put_address(self.lang, s)

    def get_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path to retrieve page titled 's'."""
        return self.family.get_address(self.lang, s)

    def nice_get_address(self, s):
        """Return shorter URL path to retrieve page titled 's'."""
        return self.family.nice_get_address(self.lang, s)

    def edit_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path for edit form for page titled 's'."""
        return self.family.edit_address(self.lang, s)

    def purge_address(self, s):
        """Return URL path to purge cache and retrieve page 's'."""
        return self.family.purge_address(self.lang, s)

    def block_address(self):
        """Return path to block an IP address."""
        return self.family.block_address(self.lang)

    def unblock_address(self):
        """Return path to unblock an IP address."""
        return self.family.unblock_address(self.lang)

    def blocksearch_address(self, s):
        """Return path to search for blocks on IP address 's'."""
        return self.family.blocksearch_address(self.lang, s)

    def linksearch_address(self, s, limit=500, offset=0):
        """Return path to Special:Linksearch for target 's'."""
        return self.family.linksearch_address(self.lang, s, limit=limit, offset=offset)

    def search_address(self, q, n=50, ns=0):
        """Return path to Special:Search for query 'q'."""
        return self.family.search_address(self.lang, q, n, ns)

    def allpages_address(self, s, ns = 0):
        """Return path to Special:Allpages."""
        return self.family.allpages_address(self.lang, start=s, namespace = ns)

    def newpages_address(self, n=50):
        """Return path to Special:Newpages."""
        return self.family.newpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def longpages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Longpages."""
        return self.family.longpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def shortpages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Shortpages."""
        return self.family.shortpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def unusedfiles_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Unusedimages."""
        return self.family.unusedfiles_address(self.lang, n)

    def categories_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Categories."""
        return self.family.categories_address(self.lang, n)

    def deadendpages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Deadendpages."""
        return self.family.deadendpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def ancientpages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Ancientpages."""
        return self.family.ancientpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def lonelypages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Lonelypages."""
        return self.family.lonelypages_address(self.lang, n)

    def unwatchedpages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Unwatchedpages."""
        return self.family.unwatchedpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def uncategorizedcategories_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Uncategorizedcategories."""
        return self.family.uncategorizedcategories_address(self.lang, n)

    def uncategorizedimages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Uncategorizedimages."""
        return self.family.uncategorizedimages_address(self.lang, n)

    def uncategorizedpages_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Uncategorizedpages."""
        return self.family.uncategorizedpages_address(self.lang, n)

    def unusedcategories_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Unusedcategories."""
        return self.family.unusedcategories_address(self.lang, n)

    def withoutinterwiki_address(self, n=500):
        """Return path to Special:Withoutinterwiki."""
        return self.family.withoutinterwiki_address(self.lang, n)

    def references_address(self, s):
        """Return path to Special:Whatlinksere for page 's'."""
        return self.family.references_address(self.lang, s)

    def allmessages_address(self):
        """Return path to Special:Allmessages."""
        return self.family.allmessages_address(self.lang)

    def upload_address(self):
        """Return path to Special:Upload."""
        return self.family.upload_address(self.lang)

    def maintenance_address(self, sub, default_limit = True):
        """Return path to Special:Maintenance for subfunction 'sub'."""
        #TODO: this address seems to be non-functioning on Wikimedia projects
        return self.family.maintenance_address(self.lang, sub, default_limit)

    def double_redirects_address(self, default_limit = True):
        """Return path to Special:Doubleredirects."""
        return self.family.double_redirects_address(self.lang, default_limit)

    def broken_redirects_address(self, default_limit = True):
        """Return path to Special:Brokenredirects."""
        return self.family.broken_redirects_address(self.lang, default_limit)

    def login_address(self):
        """Return path to Special:Userlogin."""
        return self.family.login_address(self.lang)

    def captcha_image_address(self, id):
        """Return path to Special:Captcha for image 'id'."""
        return self.family.captcha_image_address(self.lang, id)

    def watchlist_address(self):
        """Return path to Special:Watchlist editor."""
        return self.family.watchlist_address(self.lang)

    def contribs_address(self, target, limit=500, offset=''):
        """Return path to Special:Contributions for user 'target'."""
        return self.family.contribs_address(self.lang,target,limit,offset)

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(repr(self))

    def version(self):
        """Return MediaWiki version number as a string."""
        return self.family.version(self.lang)

    def versionnumber(self):
        """Return an int identifying MediaWiki version.

        Currently this is implemented as returning the minor version
        number; i.e., 'X' in version '1.X.Y'

        """
        return self.family.versionnumber(self.lang)

    def live_version(self):
        """Return the 'real' version number found on [[Special:Version]]

        Return value is a tuple (int, int, str) of the major and minor
        version numbers and any other text contained in the version.
        
        """
        global htmldata
        if not hasattr(self, "_mw_version"):
            versionpage = self.getUrl(self.get_address("Special:Version"))
            htmldata = BeautifulSoup(versionpage, convertEntities="html")
            versionstring = htmldata.findAll(text="MediaWiki"
                                             )[1].parent.nextSibling
            m = re.match(r"^: ([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)(.*)$", str(versionstring))
            if m:
                self._mw_version = (int(m.group(1)), int(m.group(2)),
                                        m.group(3))
            else:
                self._mw_version = self.family.version(self.lang).split(".")
        return self._mw_version

    def checkCharset(self, charset):
        """Warn if charset returned by wiki doesn't match family file."""
        if not hasattr(self,'charset'):
            self.charset = charset
        assert self.charset.lower() == charset.lower(), \
               "charset for %s changed from %s to %s" \
                   % (repr(self), self.charset, charset)
        if self.encoding().lower() != charset.lower():
            raise ValueError(
"code2encodings has wrong charset for %s. It should be %s, but is %s"
                             % (repr(self), charset, self.encoding()))

    def shared_image_repository(self):
        """Return a tuple of image repositories used by this site."""
        return self.family.shared_image_repository(self.lang)

    def __cmp__(self, other):
        """Perform equality and inequality tests on Site objects."""
        if not isinstance(other, Site):
            return 1
        if self.family == other.family:
            return cmp(self.lang ,other.lang)
        return cmp(self.family.name, other.family.name)

    def category_on_one_line(self):
        """Return True if this site wants all category links on one line."""
        return self.lang in self.family.category_on_one_line

    def interwiki_putfirst(self):
        """Return list of language codes for ordering of interwiki links."""
        return self.family.interwiki_putfirst.get(self.lang, None)

    def interwiki_putfirst_doubled(self, list_of_links):
        # TODO: is this even needed?  No family in the framework has this
        # dictionary defined!
        if self.family.interwiki_putfirst_doubled.has_key(self.lang):
            if len(list_of_links) >= self.family.interwiki_putfirst_doubled[self.lang][0]:
                list_of_links2 = []
                for lang in list_of_links:
                    list_of_links2.append(lang.language())
                list = []
                for lang in self.family.interwiki_putfirst_doubled[self.lang][1]:
                    try:
                        list.append(list_of_links[list_of_links2.index(lang)])
                    except ValueError:
                        pass
                return list
            else:
                return False
        else:
            return False

    def getSite(self, code):
        """Return Site object for language 'code' in this Family."""
        return getSite(code = code, fam = self.family, user=self.user)

    def namespace(self, num, all = False):
        """Return string containing local name of namespace 'num'.

        If optional argument 'all' is true, return a tuple of all recognized
        values for this namespace.

        """
        return self.family.namespace(self.lang, num, all = all)

    def normalizeNamespace(self, value):
        """Return canonical name for namespace 'value' in this Site's language.

        'Value' should be a string or unicode.
        If no match, return 'value' unmodified.
        
        """
        if not self.nocapitalize and value[0].islower():
            value = value[0].upper() + value[1:]
        return self.family.normalizeNamespace(self.lang, value)

    def namespaces(self):
        """Return list of canonical namespace names for this Site."""

        # n.b.: this does not return namespace numbers; to determine which
        # numeric namespaces the framework recognizes for this Site (which
        # may or may not actually exist on the wiki), use
        # self.family.namespaces.keys()

        if _namespaceCache.has_key(self):
            return _namespaceCache[self]
        else:
            nslist = []
            for n in self.family.namespaces:
                try:
                    ns = self.family.namespace(self.lang, n)
                except KeyError:
                    # No default namespace defined
                    continue
                if ns is not None:
                    nslist.append(self.family.namespace(self.lang, n))
            _namespaceCache[self] = nslist
            return nslist

    def getNamespaceIndex(self, namespace):
        """Given a namespace name, return its int index, or None if invalid."""
        return self.family.getNamespaceIndex(self.lang, namespace)

    def linktrail(self):
        """Return regex for trailing chars displayed as part of a link."""
        return self.family.linktrail(self.lang)

    def language(self):
        """Return Site's language code."""
        return self.lang

    def fam(self):
        """Return Family object for this Site."""
        return self.family

    def sitename(self):
        """Return string representing this Site's name and language."""
        return self.family.name+':'+self.lang

    def languages(self):
        """Return list of all valid language codes for this site's Family."""
        return self.family.langs.keys()

    def validLanguageLinks(self):
        """Return list of language codes that can be used in interwiki links."""
        return self._validlanguages

    def disambcategory(self):
        """Return Category in which disambig pages are listed."""
        import catlib
        try:
            return catlib.Category(self,
                    self.namespace(14)+':'+self.family.disambcatname[self.lang])
        except KeyError:
            raise NoPage

    def getToken(self, getalways = True, getagain = False, sysop = False):
        if getagain or (getalways and ((sysop and not self._sysoptoken) or (not sysop and not self._token))):
            output(u"Getting page to get a token.")
            try:
                self.sandboxpage.get(force = True, get_redirect = True, sysop = sysop)
                #Page(self, "Non-existing page").get(force = True, sysop = sysop)
            except UserBlocked:
                raise
            except Error:
                pass
        if sysop:
            if not self._sysoptoken:
                return False
            else:
                return self._sysoptoken
        else:
            if not self._token:
                return False
            else:
                return self._token

    def putToken(self, value, sysop = False):
        if sysop:
            self._sysoptoken = value
        else:
            self._token = value
        return

# Caches to provide faster access
_sites = {}
_namespaceCache = {}

def getSite(code = None, fam = None, user=None, persistent_http=None):
    if code == None:
        code = default_code
    if fam == None:
        fam = default_family
    key = '%s:%s:%s:%s'%(fam,code,user,persistent_http)
    if not _sites.has_key(key):
        _sites[key] = Site(code=code, fam=fam, user=user, persistent_http=persistent_http)
    return _sites[key]

def setSite(site):
    global default_code, default_family
    default_code = site.language()
    default_family = site.family

def calledModuleName():
    """Return the name of the module calling this function.

    This is required because the -help option loads the module's docstring
    and because the module name will be used for the filename of the log.
    
    """
    # get commandline arguments
    args = sys.argv
    try:
        # clip off the '.py' filename extension
        return args[0][:args[0].rindex('.')]
    except ValueError:
        return args[0]

def handleArgs():
    """Handle standard command line arguments, return the rest as a list.

    Takes the commandline arguments, converts them to Unicode, processes all
    global parameters such as -lang or -log. Returns a list of all arguments
    that are not global. This makes sure that global arguments are applied
    first, regardless of the order in which the arguments were given.
    
    """
    global default_code, default_family, verbose
    # get commandline arguments
    args = sys.argv
    # get the name of the module calling this function. This is
    # required because the -help option loads the module's docstring and because
    # the module name will be used for the filename of the log.
    # TODO: check if the following line is platform-independent
    moduleName = calledModuleName()
    nonGlobalArgs = []
    for arg in args[1:]:
        if sys.platform=='win32' and config.console_encoding == 'cp850':
            # Western Windows versions give parameters encoded as windows-1252
            # even though the console encoding is cp850.
            arg = unicode(arg, 'windows-1252')
        else:
            # Linux uses the same encoding for both.
            # I don't know how non-Western Windows versions behave.
            arg = unicode(arg, config.console_encoding)
        if arg == '-help':
            showHelp(moduleName)
            sys.exit(0)
        elif arg.startswith('-family:'):
            default_family = arg[8:]
        elif arg.startswith('-lang:'):
            default_code = arg[6:]
        elif arg.startswith('-putthrottle:'):
            put_throttle.setDelay(int(arg[13:]), absolute = True)
        elif arg.startswith('-pt:'):
            put_throttle.setDelay(int(arg[4:]), absolute = True)
        elif arg == '-log':
            setLogfileStatus(True)
        elif arg.startswith('-log:'):
            setLogfileStatus(True, arg[5:])
        elif arg == '-nolog':
            setLogfileStatus(False)
        elif arg == '-verbose' or arg == "-v":
            import version
            output(u'Pywikipediabot %s' % (version.getversion()))
            output(u'Python %s' % (sys.version))
            verbose += 1
        else:
            # the argument is not global. Let the specific bot script care
            # about it.
            nonGlobalArgs.append(arg)
    return nonGlobalArgs

def makepath(path):
    """Return a normalized absolute version of the path argument.

    - if the given path already exists in the filesystem
      the filesystem is not modified.

    - otherwise makepath creates directories along the given path
      using the dirname() of the path. You may append
      a '/' to the path if you want it to be a directory path.

    from holger@trillke.net 2002/03/18
    
    """
    from os import makedirs
    from os.path import normpath, dirname, exists, abspath

    dpath = normpath(dirname(path))
    if not exists(dpath): makedirs(dpath)
    return normpath(abspath(path))

def datafilepath(*filename):
    """Return an absolute path to a data file in a standard location.

    Argument(s) are zero or more directory names, optionally followed by a
    data file name. The return path is offset to config.base_dir. Any
    directories in the path that do not already exist are created.
    
    """
    return makepath(os.path.join(config.base_dir, *filename))

def shortpath(path):
    """Return a file path relative to config.base_dir."""
    if path.startswith(config.base_dir):
        return path[len(config.base_dir) + len(os.path.sep) : ]
    return path

#########################
# Interpret configuration
#########################

# search for user interface module in the 'userinterfaces' subdirectory
sys.path.append(datafilepath('userinterfaces'))
exec "import %s_interface as uiModule" % config.userinterface
ui = uiModule.UI()
verbose = 0

default_family = config.family
default_code = config.mylang
logfile = None
# Check
try:
    getSite()
except KeyError:
    print(
u"""Please create a file user-config.py, and put in there:\n
One line saying \"mylang='language'\"
One line saying \"usernames['wikipedia']['language']='yy'\"\n
...filling in your username and the language code of the wiki you want to work
on.\n
For other possible configuration variables check config.py.
""")
    sys.exit(1)


# Languages to use for comment text after the actual language but before
# en:. For example, if for language 'xx', you want the preference of
# languages to be:
# xx:, then fr:, then ru:, then en:
# you let altlang return ['fr','ru'].
# This code is used by translate() below.

def altlang(code):
    if code=='aa':
        return ['am']
    if code in ['fa','so']:
        return ['ar']
    if code=='ku':
        return ['ar','tr']
    if code=='sk':
        return ['cs']
    if code in ['bar','hsb','ksh']:
        return ['de']
    if code in ['als','lb']:
        return ['de','fr']
    if code=='io':
        return ['eo']
    if code in ['an','ast','ay','ca','gn','nah','qu']:
        return ['es']
    if code == ['cbk-zam']:
        return ['es','tl']
    if code=='eu':
        return ['es','fr']
    if code in ['glk','mzn']:
        return ['fa','ar']
    if code=='gl':
        return ['es','pt']
    if code=='lad':
        return ['es','he']
    if code in ['br','ht','kab','ln','lo','nrm','wa']:
        return ['fr']
    if code in ['ie','oc']:
        return ['ie','oc','fr']
    if code in ['co','frp']:
        return ['fr','it']
    if code=='yi':
        return ['he','de']
    if code=='sa':
        return ['hi']
    if code in ['eml','lij','lmo','nap','pms','roa-tara','sc','scn','vec']:
        return ['it']
    if code=='rm':
        return ['it','de','fr']
    if code in ['bat-smg','ltg']:
        return ['lt']
    if code=='ia':
        return ['la','es','fr','it']
    if code=='nds':
        return ['nds-nl','de']
    if code=='nds-nl':
        return ['nds','nl']
    if code in ['fy','pap','vls','zea']:
        return ['nl']
    if code=='li':
        return ['nl','de']
    if code=='csb':
        return ['pl']
    if code in ['fab','tet']:
        return ['pt']
    if code in ['mo','roa-rup']:
        return ['ro']
    if code in ['av','bxr','cv','hy','lbe','ru-sib','tg','udm','uk','xal']:
        return ['ru']
    if code in ['be','be-x-old']:
        return ['be','be-x-old','ru']
    if code in ['ky','tt','uz']:
        return ['kk','tr','ru']
    if code in ['az','diq','tk','ug']:
        return ['tr']
    if code in ['ja','minnan','zh-min-nan','nan','zh','zh-cn']:
        return ['zh-classical','zh-tw','zh','zh-cn']
    if code in ['bo','cdo','hak','wuu','za','zh-cdo','zh-classical','zh-tw','zh-yue']:
        return ['zh-classical','zh-tw','zh','zh-cn']
    if code=='da':
        return ['nb','no']
    if code in ['is','no','nb','nn']:
        return ['no','nb','nn','da','sv']
    if code=='sv':
        return ['da','no','nb']
    if code=='se':
        return ['no','nb','sv','nn','fi','da']
    if code in ['bug','id','jv','map-bms','ms','su']:
        return ['id','ms','jv']
    if code in ['bs','hr','sh']:
        return ['sh','hr','bs','sr']
    if code in ['mk','sr']:
        return ['sh','sr','hr','bs']
    if code in ['ceb','pag','tl','war']:
        return ['tl','es']
    if code=='bi':
        return ['tpi']
    if code=='tpi':
        return ['bi']
    if code == 'new':
        return ['ne']
    if code == 'nov':
        return ['io','eo']
    return []

def translate(code, xdict):
    """Return the most appropriate translation from a translation dict.

    Given a language code and a dictionary, returns the dictionary's value for
    key 'code' if this key exists; otherwise tries to return a value for an
    alternative language that is most applicable to use on the Wikipedia in
    language 'code'.
    
    The language itself is always checked first, then languages that
    have been defined to be alternatives, and finally Zhong Man. If none of
    the options gives result, we just take the first language in the
    list.
    
    """
    # If a site is given instead of a code, use its language
    if hasattr(code,'lang'):
        code = code.lang

    if xdict.has_key(code):
        return xdict[code]
    for alt in altlang(code):
        if xdict.has_key(alt):
            return xdict[alt]
    if xdict.has_key('zh'):
        return xdict['zh']
    return xdict.values()[0]

def showDiff(oldtext, newtext):
    """
    Prints a string showing the differences between oldtext and newtext.
    The differences are highlighted (only on Unix systems) to show which
    changes were made.
    """
    # For information on difflib, see http://pydoc.org/2.3/difflib.html
    color = {
        '+': 'lightgreen',
        '-': 'lightred',
    }
    diff = u''
    colors = []
    # This will store the last line beginning with + or -.
    lastline = None
    # For testing purposes only: show original, uncolored diff
    #     for line in difflib.ndiff(oldtext.splitlines(), newtext.splitlines()):
    #         print line
    for line in difflib.ndiff(oldtext.splitlines(), newtext.splitlines()):
        if line.startswith('?'):
            # initialize color vector with None, which means default color
            lastcolors = [None for c in lastline]
            # colorize the + or - sign
            lastcolors[0] = color[lastline[0]]
            # colorize changed parts in red or green
            for i in range(min(len(line), len(lastline))):
                if line[i] != ' ':
                    lastcolors[i] = color[lastline[0]]
            diff += lastline + '\n'
            # append one None (default color) for the newline character
            colors += lastcolors + [None]
        elif lastline:
            diff += lastline + '\n'
            # colorize the + or - sign only
            lastcolors = [None for c in lastline]
            lastcolors[0] = color[lastline[0]]
            colors += lastcolors + [None]
        lastline = None
        if line[0] in ('+', '-'):
            lastline = line
    # there might be one + or - line left that wasn't followed by a ? line.
    if lastline:
        diff += lastline + '\n'
        # colorize the + or - sign only
        lastcolors = [None for c in lastline]
        lastcolors[0] = color[lastline[0]]
        colors += lastcolors + [None]

    result = u''
    lastcolor = None
    for i in range(len(diff)):
        if colors[i] != lastcolor:
            if lastcolor is None:
                result += '\03{%s}' % colors[i]
            else:
                result += '\03{default}'
        lastcolor = colors[i]
        result += diff[i]
    output(result)

def setLogfileStatus(enabled, logname = None):
    global logfile
    if enabled:
        if not logname:
            logname = '%s.log' % calledModuleName()
        logfn = datafilepath('logs', logname)
        try:
            logfile = codecs.open(logfn, 'a', 'utf-8')
        except IOError:
            logfile = codecs.open(logfn, 'w', 'utf-8')
    else:
        # disable the log file
        logfile = None

if '*' in config.log or calledModuleName() in config.log:
    setLogfileStatus(True)

colorTagR = re.compile('\03{.*?}', re.UNICODE)

def log(text):
    """Write the given text to the logfile."""
    if logfile:
        # remove all color markup
        # TODO: consider pre-compiling this regex for speed improvements
        plaintext = colorTagR.sub('', text)
        # save the text in a logfile (will be written in utf-8)
        logfile.write(plaintext)
        logfile.flush()

output_lock = threading.Lock()
input_lock = threading.Lock()
output_cache = []
def output(text, decoder = None, newline = True, toStdout = False):
    """Output a message to the user via the userinterface.

    Works like print, but uses the encoding used by the user's console
    (console_encoding in the configuration file) instead of ASCII.
    If decoder is None, text should be a unicode string. Otherwise it
    should be encoded in the given encoding.

    If newline is True, a linebreak will be added after printing the text.

    If toStdout is True, the text will be sent to standard output,
    so that it can be piped to another process. All other text will
    be sent to stderr. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_%28Unix%29

    text can contain special sequences to create colored output. These
    consist of the escape character \03 and the color name in curly braces,
    e. g. \03{lightpurple}. \03{default} resets the color.
    
    """
    output_lock.acquire()
    try:
        if decoder:
            text = unicode(text, decoder)
        elif type(text) != type(u''):
            if verbose:
                print "DBG> BUG: Non-unicode passed to wikipedia.output without decoder!"
                print traceback.print_stack()
                print "DBG> Attempting to recover, but please report this problem"
            try:
                text = unicode(text, 'utf-8')
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                text = unicode(text, 'iso8859-1')
        if newline:
            text += u'\n'
        log(text)
        if input_lock.locked():
            cache_output(text, toStdout = toStdout)
        else:
            ui.output(text, toStdout = toStdout)
    finally:
        output_lock.release()

def cache_output(*args, **kwargs):
    output_cache.append((args, kwargs))

def flush_output_cache():
    while(output_cache):
        (args, kwargs) = output_cache.pop(0)
        ui.output(*args, **kwargs)

def input(question, password = False):
    """Ask the user a question, return the user's answer.

    Parameters:
    * question - a unicode string that will be shown to the user. Don't add a
                 space after the question mark/colon, this method will do this
                 for you.
    * password - if True, hides the user's input (for password entry).

    Returns a unicode string.
    
    """
    input_lock.acquire()
    try:
        data = ui.input(question, password)
    finally:
        flush_output_cache()
        input_lock.release()

    return data

def inputChoice(question, answers, hotkeys, default = None):
    """Ask the user a question with several options, return the user's choice.

    The user's input will be case-insensitive, so the hotkeys should be
    distinctive case-insensitively.

    Parameters:
    * question - a unicode string that will be shown to the user. Don't add a
                 space after the question mark, this method will do this
                 for you.
    * answers  - a list of strings that represent the options.
    * hotkeys  - a list of one-letter strings, one for each answer.
    * default  - an element of hotkeys, or None. The default choice that will
                 be returned when the user just presses Enter.

    Returns a one-letter string in lowercase.
    
    """
    input_lock.acquire()
    try:
        data = ui.inputChoice(question, answers, hotkeys, default).lower()
    finally:
        flush_output_cache()
        input_lock.release()

    return data

def showHelp(moduleName = None):
    # the parameter moduleName is deprecated and should be left out.
    moduleName = moduleName or sys.argv[0][:sys.argv[0].rindex('.')]
    try:
        moduleName = moduleName[moduleName.rindex("\\")+1:]
    except ValueError: # There was no \ in the module name, so presumably no problem
        pass
    globalHelp =u'''

Global arguments available for all bots:

-dir:PATH         Read the bot's configuration data from directory given by
                  PATH, instead of from the default directory.
                  
-lang:xx          Set the language of the wiki you want to work on, overriding
                  the configuration in user-config.py. xx should be the
                  language code.

-family:xyz       Set the family of the wiki you want to work on, e.g.
                  wikipedia, wiktionary, wikitravel, ...
                  This will override the configuration in user-config.py.

-help             Shows this help text.

-log              Enable the logfile. Logs will be stored in the logs
                  subdirectory.

-log:xyz          Enable the logfile, using xyz as the filename.

-nolog            Disable the logfile (if it is enabled by default).

-putthrottle:n    Set the minimum time (in seconds) the bot will wait between
-pt:n             saving pages.

-verbose          Have the bot provide additional output that may be useful in
-v                debugging.
'''
    output(globalHelp)
    try:
        exec('import %s as module' % moduleName)
        helpText = module.__doc__.decode('utf-8')
        if hasattr(module, 'docuReplacements'):
            for key, value in module.docuReplacements.iteritems():
                helpText = helpText.replace(key, value.strip('\n\r'))
        output(helpText)
    except:
        raise
        output(u'Sorry, no help available for %s' % moduleName)

page_put_queue = Queue.Queue()
def async_put():
    """Daemon; take pages from the queue and try to save them on the wiki."""
    while True:
        (page, newtext, comment, watchArticle,
                 minorEdit, force, callback) = page_put_queue.get()
        if page is None:
            # an explicit end-of-Queue marker is needed for compatibility
            # with Python 2.4; in 2.5, we could use the Queue's task_done()
            # and join() methods
            return
        try:
            page.put(newtext, comment, watchArticle, minorEdit, force)
            error = None
        except Exception, error:
            pass
        if callback is not None:
            callback(page, error)
            # if callback is provided, it is responsible for exception handling
            continue
        if isinstance(error, SpamfilterError):
            output(u"Saving page [[%s]] prevented by spam filter: %s"
                       % (page.title(), error.url))
        elif isinstance(error, PageNotSaved):
            output(u"Saving page [[%s]] failed: %s"
                       % (page.title(), error))
        elif isinstance(error, LockedPage):
            output(u"Page [[%s]] is locked; not saved." % page.title())
        elif isinstance(error, NoUsername):
            output(u"Page [[%s]] not saved; sysop privileges required."
                       % page.title())
        elif error is not None:
            tb = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
            output(u"Saving page [[%s]] failed:\n%s"
                    % (page.title(), "".join(tb)))

_putthread = threading.Thread(target=async_put)
# identification for debugging purposes
_putthread.setName('Put-Thread')
_putthread.setDaemon(True)
## Don't start the queue if it is not necessary.
#_putthread.start()

def stopme():
    """This should be run when a bot does not interact with the Wiki, or
       when it has stopped doing so. After a bot has run stopme() it will
       not slow down other bots any more.
    """
    get_throttle.drop()

def _flush():
    """Wait for the page-putter to flush its queue.

    Called automatically upon exiting from Python.
    
    """
    if page_put_queue.qsize() > 0:
        import datetime
        remaining = datetime.timedelta(
                      seconds = page_put_queue.qsize() * config.put_throttle)
        output(u'Waiting for %i pages to be put. Estimated time remaining: %s'
               % (page_put_queue.qsize(), remaining))

    page_put_queue.put((None, None, None, None, None, None, None))

    while(_putthread.isAlive()):
        try:
            _putthread.join(1)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            answer = inputChoice(u'There are %i pages remaining in the queue. Estimated time remaining: %s\nReally exit?'
                             % (page_put_queue.qsize(), datetime.timedelta(seconds=(page_put_queue.qsize()) * config.put_throttle)),
                             ['yes', 'no'], ['y', 'N'], 'N')
            if answer in ['y', 'Y']:
                return
    try:
        get_throttle.drop()
    except NameError:
        pass

import atexit
atexit.register(_flush)

def debugDump(name, site, error, data):
    import time
    name = unicode(name)
    error = unicode(error)
    site = unicode(repr(site).replace(u':',u'_'))
    filename = '%s_%s__%s.dump' % (name, site, time.asctime())
    filename = filename.replace(' ','_').replace(':','-')
    f = file(filename, 'wb') #trying to write it in binary
    #f = codecs.open(filename, 'w', 'utf-8')
    f.write(u'Error reported: %s\n\n' % error)
    try:
        f.write(data.encode("utf8"))
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        f.write(data)
    f.close()
    output( u'ERROR: %s caused error %s. Dump %s created.' % (name,error,filename) )

get_throttle = Throttle(config.minthrottle,config.maxthrottle)
put_throttle = Throttle(config.put_throttle,config.put_throttle,False)


class MyURLopener(urllib.FancyURLopener):
    version="PythonWikipediaBot/1.0"

# Special opener in case we are using a site with authentication
if config.authenticate:
    import urllib2, cookielib
    COOKIEFILE = datafilepath('login-data', 'cookies.lwp')
    cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
    if os.path.isfile(COOKIEFILE):
        cj.load(COOKIEFILE)
    passman = urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
    for site in config.authenticate.keys():
        passman.add_password(None, site, config.authenticate[site][0], config.authenticate[site][1])
    authhandler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(passman)
    authenticateURLopener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj),authhandler)
    urllib2.install_opener(authenticateURLopener)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import version, doctest
    print 'Pywikipediabot %s' % version.getversion()
    print 'Python %s' % sys.version
    doctest.testmod()