政治暴力
政治暴力係一種為咗某啲政治原因而出現嘅暴力[1]，可以包含任何方面，包括國、某啲組織、甚至係平民。政治暴力嘅手法可以包括：綁架、警暴、刺殺、酷刑、心理戰、同埋游擊戰等等，甚至可以係包埋種族清洗或者種族滅絕[2]。如果係由一個唔係國嘅方面開始，就可以係暴動或者政變[3]。除此之外，一個政府對一個情況唔插手亦係一種比較暗地裏嘅方法，例如當喺饑荒嘅時候。
呢啲政治暴力好多時都係因為出現咗某種分歧，無論係社會上、種族上、政治上、定係宗教上都有可能[4]。任何幫緊敵人或者損害自己個人利益嘅，都有可能令呢啲矛盾加劇[5]。
一般政治暴力都係嚟自一個支持用暴力嚟解決問題嘅世界觀，比較偏向極端嘅組織[6]。佢哋相信繼續用個國家嘅系統係唔能夠達到佢哋嘅訴求，所以一定要用暴力嘅方法嚟推翻或者重組個系統[4][7][8][9]。同樣，好多國家政府都相信一定要用暴力嘅手法，嚟嚇走想搞亂檔嘅人或者組織，避免佢哋成功推翻個政權[10][11]。
攷
編輯- ↑ Bardall, Gabrielle; Bjarnegård, Elin; Piscopo, Jennifer M. (November 2020). "How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts". Political Studies Journal. SAGE Publications. 68 (4): 916–935. doi:10.1177/0032321719881812. ISSN 1467-9248. LCCN 2008233815. OCLC 1641383. S2CID 213536755.
- ↑ Miller, Martin A. (2022). "The Dynamics of Entangled Political Violence: From the Greensboro Massacre (1979) to the War on Terror (2001)". 出自 Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (編). Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 33–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_3. ISBN 978-3-030-83347-3. S2CID 244740339.
- ↑ Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects (PDF). SIPRI Research Report.第23卷. 牛津大學出版社. doi:10.1037/e549992011-001. ISBN 978-0-19-953356-5. OCLC 912414984. S2CID 142573156. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺28 February 2022. 喺8 March 2022搵到.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (編). "The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness". European Journal of Criminology. SAGE Publications. 20 (2): 381–400. doi:10.1177/14773708211008441. ISSN 1741-2609. S2CID 234835036.
- ↑ Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (May 2021). Levi, Margaret; Rosenblum (編). "Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide". Annual Review of Political Science. Annual Reviews. 24 (1): 45–69. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229. ISSN 1545-1577. LCCN 98643699. OCLC 42836185. S2CID 229425267.
- ↑ Galland, Olivier (2020). "Religious Radicalism: from Absolutism to Violence". 出自 Galland, Olivier; Muxel, Anne (編). Radical Thought among the Young: A Survey of French Lycée Students. Youth in a Globalizing World.第11卷. Hamilton, Peter翻譯. 波士頓: Brill Publishers. pp. 24–62. doi:10.1163/9789004432369_003. ISBN 978-90-04-43236-9. ISSN 2212-9383. S2CID 234647465.
- ↑ Fox, Jonathan (2021). "Chapter 1: FUNDAMENTALIST EXTREMISM AND POLITICS". 出自 Mathew, Mathews; Tay, Melvin (編). Religion and Identity Politics: Global Trends and Local Realities. 新加坡: World Scientific. pp. 3–26. doi:10.1142/9789811235504_0001. ISBN 978-981-123-551-1. S2CID 237868169.
- ↑ van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Kuijper, Sophia M.H.C. (June 2020). Colin, Cooper (編). "A comparison of extreme religious and political ideologies: Similar worldviews but different grievances". Personality and Individual Differences. Elsevier. 159 (109888): 109888. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109888. ISSN 0191-8869. LCCN 85647765. OCLC 04965018. S2CID 213954640.
- ↑ Schoenberger, Robert A. (September 1968). "Conservatism, Personality, and Political Extremism". American Political Science Review. 劍橋同紐約: 劍橋大學出版社. 62 (3): 868–877. doi:10.2307/1953436. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1953436. LCCN 08009025. OCLC 805068983. S2CID 144097887.
- ↑ Valentino, Benjamin A. (May 2014). Levi, Margaret; Rosenblum, Nancy L. (編). "Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians". Annual Review of Political Science. Annual Reviews. 17 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141937. ISSN 1545-1577. LCCN 98643699. OCLC 42836185. S2CID 154287162.
- ↑ Cohan, John A. (January 2006). "Necessity, Political Violence, and Terrorism" (PDF). Stetson Law Review. Stetson University College of Law. 35 (3): 903–982. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺28 February 2022. 喺8 March 2022搵到.