封鎖

封鎖係阻止一個國或者地區輸出同接收物資嘅行動，可以包括食物、武器、通訊工具、甚至人等等。

一個封鎖國有可能要求，所以出入被封鎖國嘅車輛或者船都先要做檢查，而通過檢查嘅定義又唔一定好清晰。依家唔少國家亦都會用埋航空封鎖，唔俾飛機飛過某個區域。除此之外，封鎖亦可以指一個國家做無線電干擾或者剪斷海底電纜，嚟影響對方嘅通訊能力。歷史上，唔少嘅封鎖都因爲包括封鎖食物，而對當地嘅平民造成饑荒，例如一次大戰嘅德國人或者尼日利亞内戰期間嘅依波人^[1]。

封鎖同禁運或者經濟制裁唔同，因爲呢啲係法律上嘅障礙，而封鎖係基於實體上嘅障礙。

根據國際法，封鎖可以係一個發動戰爭嘅行動^[2]。如果佢哋係屬於侵略戰爭嘅一部分^[3]，或者針對平民而唔係軍事目標，就屬於犯法^[4]。喺呢啲情況下，封鎖可能屬於戰爭罪甚至反人類罪^[5]^[6]。

睇埋

攷

↑ Nicholas Mulder, Boyd van Dijk (2021). "Why Did Starvation Not Become the Paradigmatic War Crime in International Law?". Contingency in International Law: On the Possibility of Different Legal Histories (英文). Oxford University Press. pp. 370–.
↑ Russell, Alison Lawlor (2023). "Digital Blockade or Corporate Boycott?: A New Tactic of War". Æther: A Journal of Strategic Airpower & Spacepower. 2 (1): 16–30. ISSN 2771-6120. JSTOR 48714684.
↑ Dannenbaum, Tom (28 July 2023). "What You Need to Know: International Humanitarian Law and Russia's Termination of the Black Sea Grain Initiative". Just Security. 喺1 November 2023搵到.
↑ "Starvation as a Method of Warfare". ihl-databases.icrc.org. 喺1 November 2023搵到.
↑ Dannenbaum, Tom (2021–2022). "Siege Starvation: A War Crime of Societal Torture". Chicago Journal of International Law. 22: 368.
↑ "Unlawful Blockades as Crimes Against Humanity | ASIL". www.asil.org (英文).

[1] Nicholas Mulder, Boyd van Dijk (2021). "Why Did Starvation Not Become the Paradigmatic War Crime in International Law?". Contingency in International Law: On the Possibility of Different Legal Histories (英文). Oxford University Press. pp. 370–.

[2] Russell, Alison Lawlor (2023). "Digital Blockade or Corporate Boycott?: A New Tactic of War". Æther: A Journal of Strategic Airpower & Spacepower. 2 (1): 16–30. ISSN 2771-6120. JSTOR 48714684.

[3] Dannenbaum, Tom (28 July 2023). "What You Need to Know: International Humanitarian Law and Russia's Termination of the Black Sea Grain Initiative". Just Security. 喺1 November 2023搵到.

[4] "Starvation as a Method of Warfare". ihl-databases.icrc.org. 喺1 November 2023搵到.

[5] Dannenbaum, Tom (2021–2022). "Siege Starvation: A War Crime of Societal Torture". Chicago Journal of International Law. 22: 368.

[6] "Unlawful Blockades as Crimes Against Humanity | ASIL". www.asil.org (英文).

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