硬同軟科學

硬科學（hard science）同軟科學（soft science）係科學上攞嚟劃分學科用嘅兩個概念。一般嚟講，如果一門採取科學方法嘅領域（科學）

啲量度夠精確（能夠產生量度層次高嘅數字）而且
夠客觀（例如唔使靠受試者口頭報告），

就會俾人當係硬科學，否則就係軟科學^[1]。

舉幾個例說明，好似物理學同化學等嘅自然科學多數都會俾人當係硬科學；社會科學（除咗經濟學之外）多數都會俾人當係軟科學，因為呢啲領域研究社會現象，好多時都會用問卷或者訪問等嘅方法要受試者答問題，用呢啲答覆做分析（研究數字有可能受到受試者嘅主觀感覺影響）^[2]；而心理學就一半一半－神經心理學同動物行為學等唔靠人類受試者口頭報告又唔靠文字性數據嘅心理學子領域一般俾人覺得係「硬」啲，相對嚟講社會心理學等比較依賴問卷同訪問嘅心理學子領域就俾好多人覺得係「軟」啲^[3]。

睇埋

引咗

↑ "In praise of soft science" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7045): 1003–2005. 2005.
↑ Smith L.D., Best L.A., Stubbs A., Johnston J., Archibald A.B. (2000). "Scientific Graphs and the Hierarchy of the Sciences". Social Studies of Science. 30 (1): 73–94.
↑ Smith, L. D., Best, L. A., Stubbs, D. A., Archibald, A. B., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2002). Constructing knowledge: The role of graphs and tables in hard and soft psychology. American Psychologist, 57(10), 749.

[1] "In praise of soft science" (PDF). Nature. 435 (7045): 1003–2005. 2005.

[2] Smith L.D., Best L.A., Stubbs A., Johnston J., Archibald A.B. (2000). "Scientific Graphs and the Hierarchy of the Sciences". Social Studies of Science. 30 (1): 73–94.

[3] Smith, L. D., Best, L. A., Stubbs, D. A., Archibald, A. B., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2002). Constructing knowledge: The role of graphs and tables in hard and soft psychology. American Psychologist, 57(10), 749.

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