神經回輸

神經回輸（粵拼：san4 ging1 wui4 syu1；英文：neurofeedback）係生物回輸技術嘅一種，指靠向用家顯示佢嘅腦活動嚟教用家調節自己嘅腦活動^[1]。

SJ

MS

DP

一個典型嘅神經回輸訓練設置：
SJ（subject），受試者
MS（measurement），量度腦活動嘅架生
DP（display），顯示描述受試者腦活動嘅訊息

概論

一個基本嘅神經回輸佈置有三大部份：受試者、量度架生同顯示儀器；量度架生會量度受試者嘅腦活動相關變數 $x$ ，將描述受試者腦活動嘅訊號（ ${\text{signal}}_{t}=f(x_{t})$ ）傳去一啲顯示儀器－最簡單嘅係電腦熒光幕－嗰度，等受試者能夠一路做嘢一路睇到自己嘅腦活動情況；然後訓練師就可以叫受試者留意住自己嘅腦活動會受乜因素影響，再訓練受試者控制自己嘅腦活動。呢種技術喺精神醫學等領域上相當有用^[2]^[3]。

舉個簡單例子說明，家陣有個病人有焦慮症，個人成日都容易囉囉攣，搞到佢難以集中精神做嘢；喺精神醫學上已知，焦慮情緒同某個特定嘅腦電波（brainwave） $x_{an}$ 有相關；於是個精神科醫生就用神經回輸方法幫個病人，佢叫個病人返實驗室嗰度做訓練－用腦電圖（EEG）方法量度住病人嘅腦電活動，再俾病人一路睇住腦電圖嘅輸出、一路玩一個要求集中精神嘅虛擬實境遊戲，然後佢叫個病人每次一見到 $x_{an}$ 出現就即刻用心理學上嘅鬆弛技法做放鬆，如是者做一段時間嘅訓練；一般嚟講，順利嘅話，個病人會慢慢變到識得每逢焦慮情緒出現嗰陣自動用鬆弛技法，從而舒緩焦慮情緒對佢日常生活嘅影響^[4]。事實係研究顯示，噉樣嘅神經回輸訓練喺某啲情況下的確能夠有效噉協助病人克服焦慮症同強迫症（OCD）等嘅多種心理病^[2]^[5]。

睇埋

文獻

Evans, J.R., and Abarbanel, A. An introduction to quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback. Academic Press: San Diego, 1999.
Steinberg, Mark, and Othmer, S. ADD: The 20-Hour Solution. Robert Reed Publishers: Bandon OR, 2004.
Hill PhD, Robert W. and Eduardo MD, C. Healing Young Brains: The Neurofeedback Solution. Hampton Roads Publishing; 1 edition (May 15, 2009).
Robbins, Jim "A Symphony in the Brain – The Evolution of the New Brainwave Biofeedback." Grove Atlantic 1st Edition 2000; 2nd Edition 2008
Arns, Martijn; Sterman, Maurice B. (2019). Neurofeedback: How it all started. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Brainclinics Insights. ISBN 9789083001302.

攷

↑ Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 7(2), 143.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Budzynski T. (2009). Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback: Advanced theory and applications ( 2nd ed.). Amsterdam, Elsevier: Academic Press.
↑ Demos J. N. (2005). Getting started with neurofeedback (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
↑ Rice KM, Blanchard EB, Purcell M (1993) Biofeedback treatments of generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary results. Biofeedback Self Regul 18: 93-105.
↑ Begemann, M. J., Florisse, E. J., van Lutterveld, R., Kooyman, M., & Sommer, I. E. (2016). Efficacy of EEG neurofeedback in psychiatry: A comprehensive overview and meta-analysis. Translational Brain Rhythmicity, 1(1), 19-29.

拎

BBC article about neurofeedback improving the performance of musicians.

[1] Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 7(2), 143.

[budzyn2009-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Budzynski T. (2009). Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback: Advanced theory and applications ( 2nd ed.). Amsterdam, Elsevier: Academic Press.

[3] Demos J. N. (2005). Getting started with neurofeedback (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.

[4] Rice KM, Blanchard EB, Purcell M (1993) Biofeedback treatments of generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary results. Biofeedback Self Regul 18: 93-105.

[begemann2016-5] Begemann, M. J., Florisse, E. J., van Lutterveld, R., Kooyman, M., & Sommer, I. E. (2016). Efficacy of EEG neurofeedback in psychiatry: A comprehensive overview and meta-analysis. Translational Brain Rhythmicity, 1(1), 19-29.

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