第一次納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫戰爭

第一次納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫戰爭 (阿塞拜疆文Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi亞美尼亞文Արցախյան ազատամարտ) 係一次位於納卡地區爆發嘅種族衝突,由1988年2月維持到1994年5月。當時呢個地區係公認為阿塞拜疆領土,但係人口主要係亞美尼亞人。當地嘅亞美尼亞人要求離開阿塞拜疆,建立阿爾察赫。呢場仗演變成爲長久嘅山地游擊戰,雙方都傷亡慘重,最終由亞美尼亞贏咗。

第一次納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫戰爭
納卡衝突同埋蘇聯解體嘅一部分

亞美尼亞士兵(左)同埋阿塞拜疆士兵(右)參與打仗
日期: 1988年2月20號 – 1994年5月12號
(6年2個月3個禮拜又1日)
地點: 納卡地區亞美尼亞阿塞拜疆
結果: 亞美尼亞贏[1]
領土變更: 事實上阿爾察赫獨立[2][3][4][5]

外來援助

指揮官同領導者
  • Levon Ter-Petrosyan
  • Serzh Sargsyan
  • Robert Kocharyan
  • Vazgen Sargsyan
  • Ayaz Mutallibov
  • Yagub Mammadov
  • Isa Gambar
  • Abulfaz Elchibey
  • Heydar Aliyev
  • Isgandar Hamidov
  • Surat Huseynov

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar[14]

兵力
3-4萬 (1993–94年)[15] 4.3萬 (1993–94年)[15]
傷亡同損失
  • 死亡:5,856位士兵、1,264位平民[16]
  • 重傷:2萬[17]
  • 失蹤:196位士兵、400位平民[16]
  • 死亡:11,557位士兵[18]
    2.5-3萬 (西方同俄方估計)[19][20][16]
  • 重傷:2萬[21]-5萬[22]
  • 失蹤:4,210位士兵、749位平民[23]
平民死傷
  • 16,000位阿塞拜疆平民[24]
  • 4,000位亞美尼亞平民[24]

平民失蹤

  • 400 (亞美尼亞方面)[23]
  • 749 (阿塞拜疆方面)[23]

平民流離失所

過程

編輯

喺1991年,納卡地區嘅議會舉行咗獨立公投,俾人民決定獨立(之後加入亞美尼亞)定係留喺阿塞拜疆。因爲當地人口大多數係亞美尼亞人,所以即使阿塞拜疆人棄權,投票率都超過80%,而其中99.89%都投票同意納卡加入亞美尼亞[26][27]。喺公投通過之後,當地嘅人民舉行咗和平示威要求兩個國家尊重投票結果。但係,隨住蘇聯解體,兩個國家之間嘅敵意令已有嘅種族衝突暴力化。兩邊都曾經有殺害對方人口嘅大屠殺。納卡地區嘅人於是自己宣佈獨立,成立咗阿爾察赫共和國。

喺1992年初,土耳其為阿塞拜疆提供軍事援助,同時封鎖亞美尼亞,令場仗惡化[28]。有好多個國際組織都嘗試為情況降溫,但係未成功。到1993年頭,亞美尼亞成功控制納卡嘅周邊地區,而到1994年5月已經明顯贏咗。

喺打仗過後,大約72萬位阿塞拜疆人同埋30-50萬位亞美尼亞人流離失所[25]。喺戰後嘅時間,歐洲安全合作組織不斷有跟進亞美尼亞同阿塞拜疆之間嘅和談,但係唔能夠簽正式嘅和約阿爾察赫成爲咗實際上獨立,但係法理上唔存喺嘅國家。納卡衝突仍然繼續,到2020年會再次爆發第二次納卡戰爭

睇埋

編輯
  1. 直到1991年,屬於納卡自治區英文Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
  2. 直到1990年,屬於亞美尼亞加盟國,到1991年獨立
  3. 直到蘇聯解體,蘇聯政府都支持阿塞拜疆方面[8]
  1. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia". Refworld. Minority Rights Group International. 2007. 原先內容歸檔喺22 April 2016. 喺12 April 2016搵到. The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.
  2. Trenin, Dmitri V. (2011). Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story (PDF). Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780870033452. 原著 (PDF)喺24 March 2022歸檔.
  3. Armenia is de facto united with Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized state, in a single entity.
  4. Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). "Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The National Interest. 原先內容歸檔喺3 January 2017. 喺14 December 2016搵到. The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.
  5. Cornell, Svante E. (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies. Uppsala University. p. 135. 原著 (PDF)喺31 May 2011歸檔.
  6. "В карабахском селе открылся памятник погибшим в войне кубанским казакам [A monument to the Kuban Cossacks who died in the war was opened in the Karabakh village]" (俄文). REGNUM News Agency. 30 May 2011. 原著喺17 August 2020歸檔.
  7. According to Leonid Tibilov, President of South Ossetia in 2012-17. "Леонид Тибилов поздравил Бако Саакяна с 25-й годовщиной образования Нагорно-Карабахской Республики [Leonid Tibilov congratulated Bako Sahakyan on the 25th anniversary of the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]". presidentruo.org (俄文). President of the Republic of South Ossetia. 2 September 2016. 原著喺29 August 2020歸檔. В борьбе за свободу и независимость на помощь народу Арцаха пришли и волонтеры из Южной Осетии. Они скрепили нашу дружбу своей праведной кровью, пролитой на вашей благословенной земле. Мы высоко ценим, что вами увековечены их имена в памятниках, названиях улиц и учебных заведений ряда населенных пунктов Вашей республики.
  8. Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). "Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave". Los Angeles Times.
  9. Griffin, Nicholas (2004). Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-226-30859-6.
  10. "Украинские националисты УНАО-УНСО признали, что воевали на стороне Азербайджана в Карабахе". panorama.am (俄文). 17 September 2010. 原著喺17 May 2017歸檔.
  11. "Армянский эксперт: В Первую Карабахскую войну украинские неонацисты служили в армии Азербайджана летчиками и артиллеристами". eadaily.com (俄文). 5 July 2016. 原著喺31 July 2020歸檔. Кроме чеченских боевиков, радикальных исламистов из Афганистана, „Серых волков“ и других, отметились в Карабахе и украинские нацисты из УНА-УНСО.
  12. ""В случае войны мы окажем баку посильную помощь"". euraspravda.ru (俄文). 5 March 2014.
  13. ""В случае войны мы окажем Баку посильную помощь"". Minval.az (俄文).
  14. Taarnby, Michael (2008). The Mujahedin in Nagorno-Karabakh: A Case Study in the Evolution of Global Jihad. Real Instituto Elcano. p. 6. 原著喺5 March 2016歸檔.
  15. 15.0 15.1 "SIPRI Yearbook 1994". sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1994. p. 88. 原著 (PDF)喺26 August 2020歸檔.Chorbajian, Donabedian & Mutafian 1994, pp. 13–18 Table of conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1993
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 (俄文) Melik-Shahnazarov, Arsen. Нагорный Карабах: факты против лжи 互聯網檔案館歸檔,歸檔日期29 November 2010..
  17. Walker, Edward (1999). "No War, No Peace in the Caucasus: Contested Sovereignty in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and Karabakh". 出自 Bertsch, Gary K.; Craft, Cassady; Jones, Scott A.; Beck, Michael (編). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Routledge. p. 297.
  18. Suleymanov, Rashad (13 January 2014). Названо число азербайджанских военнослужащих, погибших во время I Карабахской войны [The number of Azerbaijani servicemen killed during the First Karabakh War has been named] (俄文). Baku: Azeri Press Agency. 原著喺24 July 2018歸檔. 喺12 May 2019搵到.
  19. de Waal 2013, p. 326.
  20. "Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh". 互聯網檔案館歸檔,歸檔日期6 December 2011. Euronews. 28 November 2009.
  21. Federal Research Division (1995) [Research completed March 1994]. Curtis, Glenn E. (編). Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: Country Studies. Area handbook series. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 98. ISBN 0-8444-0848-4.
  22. de Waal 2013, p. 327.
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 Ohanyan, Karine; Zarema Velikhanova (12 May 2004). "Investigation: Karabakh: Missing in Action – Alive or Dead?". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 原著喺3 November 2010歸檔.
  24. 24.0 24.1 "Civil War: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1992–1994)". Omnilogos. 13 June 2020.
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"". Wiener Zeitung. 2 January 2013. 原著喺11 January 2013歸檔.
  26. "The Referendum on Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic | NKR". www.nkr.am. 原著喺2021-12-10歸檔. 喺2021-12-10搵到.
  27. "Nagorno-Karabakh: between vote and reality". openDemocracy. 喺2021-12-10搵到.
  28. Bonner, Raymond (16 April 1994). "War, Blockade and Poverty 'Strangling' Armenia". 約時報. 原先內容歸檔喺6 March 2016. 喺6 March 2016搵到.

文獻

編輯
  • de Waal, Thomas (2013). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. 紐約: 紐約大學出版社.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)