維基百科

納卡衝突

納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫衝突，簡稱納卡衝突，喺亞美尼亞通稱做阿爾察赫衝突，係一個位於高加索南部納卡地區嘅領土糾紛，同時亦都係亞美尼亞同阿塞拜疆，代表住亞美尼亞人同埋阿塞拜疆人，之間嘅種族衝突。

納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫衝突
前蘇聯衝突嘅一部分

由左上角開始順時針:

日期： 1988年2月20號 – 2024年1月1號[1]
(35年10個月1星期又5天)
地點： 納卡地區，亞美尼亞-阿塞拜疆邊界[11][12][13][14][15]
狀態： 阿塞拜疆贏，成功控制納卡地區[16]
參戰方
阿爾察赫 [a][b]
亞美尼亞 [c] 		阿塞拜疆 (自從1991年)

蘇聯 (直至1991年)[d]

土耳其 (2020年，亞美尼亞聲稱)[39][40][41]

參戰單位
阿爾察赫軍隊（英文：Artsakh Defense Forces） (直至2023年)
亞美尼亞軍隊 		蘇聯軍隊 (1991年前)
阿塞拜疆軍隊 (1991年後)
兵力
2018年: 65,000位現役軍人[42][e]

1993-94年: 30,000–40,000位[45][46]

2019年: 66,950位現役軍人[47]

1993-94年: 42,000–56,000位[46][45][48]

傷亡同損失
28,000–38,000人喪命 (1988-94年)[49][50][51][52]

3,000人 (1994年5月 - 2009年8月)[53]
541–547+ 人 (2010-19年)
7,717人 (2020年)
44人 (2021–2022年)

納卡地區由蘇聯時期嘅納卡自治區（英文：Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast）開始，雖然係屬於阿塞拜疆領土，但係一直都主要係亞美尼亞人住。喺1991-2023年期間，當地嘅亞美尼亞人組織咗自己嘅國家，阿爾察赫，嚟對抗阿塞拜疆政府。喺呢二十幾年之間，阿塞拜疆喺幾次打仗之下收復唔同部分嘅領土，直至2023年嘅第三次納卡戰爭，終於完全解散咗阿爾察赫嘅國家機關。

歷史 編輯

由蘇聯時期開始，當地嘅亞美尼亞人一直都受蘇聯同埋阿塞拜疆政府打壓，迫咗唔少亞美尼亞人離開，但係佢哋始終都係人口大多數[54]。 喺蘇聯嘅開放政策期間，當地舉行咗公投，俾人民有民族自決嘅權利。不過，喺公投結果支持納卡加入亞美尼亞加盟國之後，納卡地區同埋阿塞拜疆都出現咗大型嘅反亞美尼亞暴力事件，雙方嘅種族衝突繼續升溫[55]。

到1990年代初期，喺蘇聯解體之後，衝突演變成爲戰爭，造成第一次納卡戰爭。亞美尼亞成功控制蘇聯時期嘅納卡地區領土，而兩邊政府都有排擠非我族裔嘅情況出現。1993年，聯合國安理會發聲明，支持阿塞拜疆嘅領土完整，要求亞美尼亞撤出納卡地區。之後嗰年，亞美尼亞同阿塞拜疆喺比什凱克簽咗停火協議，成功維和咗超過20年。

到2020年，阿塞拜疆再一次進攻納卡地區，發動咗第二次納卡戰爭。阿塞拜疆成功收復大約1/3嘅領土，跟住都再一次簽咗停火協議[56]，不過有唔少報道都聲稱，阿塞拜疆喺之後曾經唔只一次咁違反協議。

到2022年，阿塞拜疆開始封鎖納卡地區，當地出現食物短缺。喺2023年9月，阿塞拜疆再一次進攻剩返嘅領土，發動第三次納卡戰爭[57][58][59]。佢哋成功喺兩日内收復全部領土，阿爾察赫冇耐之後，宣佈將會喺2024年1月1號解散全部國家機關[60]。與此同時，當地嘅亞美尼亞人開始大批咁逃離阿塞拜疆政府嘅控制，造成納卡難民潮，原本住喺當地嘅人口，有接近8成都去咗亞美尼亞。

睇埋 編輯

註 編輯

  1. ↑ 喺2024年1月1號已經正式解體
  2. ↑ 直至1991年，屬於納卡自治區（英文：Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast）
  3. ↑ 直至1990年屬於亞美尼亞加盟國，喺1991年正式獨立建國
  4. ↑ "喺蘇聯管治期間，蘇聯政府一直支持阿塞拜疆政府對抗親亞美尼亞部隊"[33][34][35][36][37] [38]
  5. ↑ 亞美尼亞：44,800位當值士兵[43]；阿爾察赫：18,000–20,000 位當值士兵[44]

攷 編輯

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "The Nagorno–Karabakh Republic Ceased to Exist". 1 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Rudolph, Joseph Russell, 編 (2003). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Greenwood Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0313313813.
  3. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (April 5, 2016). "The crisis over Nagorno-Karabakh, explained". 《華盛頓郵報》. 原著喺24 July 2020歸檔.
  4. ↑ "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer". International Crisis Group. 原著喺29 June 2020歸檔.
  5. ↑ "Armenia-Azerbaijan arms race undercuts peace prospects". Emerald Expert Briefings. Oxford Analytica. August 11, 2017. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB223736.
  6. ↑ Anishchuk, Alexei (December 10, 2010). "Armenia says to recognise Karabakh in case of war". 《路透社》. 原著喺24 August 2020歸檔.
  7. ↑ "The Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict hints at the future of war". The Economist. October 10, 2020.
  8. ↑ Hauer, Neil (October 9, 2020). "Caucasus war a result of US retreat from the world". Asia Times.
  9. ↑ "Armenia-Azerbaijan: Almost 100 killed in overnight clashes". BBC. September 14, 2022.
  10. ↑ Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Edwards, Christian; Chernova, Anna; Walsh, Nick Paton (19 September 2023). "Azerbaijan launches operation against Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh". CNN. 喺19 September 2023搵到.
  11. ↑ "Azerbaijan claims full control over the Nagorno-Karabakh region after separatists surrender". Le monde. 喺22 February 2024搵到.
  12. ↑ "Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia sign deal to end Nagorno-Karabakh war". www.aljazeera.com. 原先內容歸檔喺9 November 2020. 喺22 February 2022搵到.
  13. ↑ Trenin, Dmitri V. (2011). Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story. Brookings Institution Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0870033452.
  14. ↑ Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). "Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The National Interest. 原先內容歸檔喺3 January 2017. 喺14 December 2016搵到.
  15. ↑ Cornell, Svante (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7656-3004-9.
  16. ↑ "Azerbaijan Held a Victory Parade in Nagorno–Karabakh". 8 November 2023.
  17. ↑ Broers, Laurence (2005). "The limits of leadership: Elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process" (PDF). Accord. London: Conciliation Resources: 8. ISSN 1365-0742. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺18 February 2017. 喺17 February 2017搵到.
  18. ↑ Mirovalev, Mansur (April 19, 2016). "Here's why a 'frozen' conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan has gotten hot". Los Angeles Times.
  19. ↑ The Caucasus and Central Asia: Transitioning to Emerging Markets (PDF). 國際貨幣基金組織. April 2014. p. 72. doi:10.5089/9781484305140.087. ISBN 978-1484305140. [失咗效嘅鏈]
  20. ↑ Broers, Laurence (12 September 2012). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: what can societies do when political judgement errs?". opendemocracy.net. openDemocracy. 原著喺24 August 2020歸檔.
  21. ↑ Tchilingirian, Hratch (1999). "Nagorno Karabagh: Transition and the elite". Central Asian Survey. 18 (4): 450. doi:10.1080/713656168.
  22. ↑ Bodner, Matthew (November 21, 2016). "Russia Emerges as Winner in Arms Race Between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The Moscow Times. 原著喺5 August 2020歸檔.
  23. ↑ Mutschler, Max; Bales, Marius (February 2020). "Global Militarisation Index 2019" (PDF). Bonn International Center for Conversion. p. 2. ISSN 2521-7844. 原著 (PDF)喺2021-08-06歸檔. 喺2020-08-14搵到.
  24. ↑ de Waal, Thomas (3 April 2016). "Nagorno-Karabakh's cocktail of conflict explodes again". BBC 新聞. 原著喺28 March 2019歸檔.
  25. ↑ "'Extremely painful': Armenia orders end to fighting with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh". Global News (美國英文). 喺2020-11-10搵到.
  26. ↑ "As Azerbaijan pushes advantage against Armenia, Russia's role again under scrutiny | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org.
  27. ↑ Joshua Kucera (14 May 2021). "Armenia and Azerbaijan in new border crisis". Eurasianet. 原先內容歸檔喺14 May 2021. 喺14 May 2021搵到.
  28. ↑ "European Parliament resolution on prisoners of war in the aftermath of the most recent conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan (2021/2693(RSP))" (新聞稿). 歐盟議會. 19 May 2021. 原著喺26 May 2021歸檔. 喺26 May 2021搵到.
  29. ↑ "Macron: Azerbaijani armed forces have crossed into Armenian territory. They must withdraw immediately. I say again to the Armenian people: France stands with you in solidarity and will continue to do so". 原先內容歸檔喺24 May 2021. 喺14 May 2021搵到.
  30. ↑ "Azerbaijan Says Aims For 'Peaceful Reintegration' Of Karabakh Armenians". Barron's. 20 September 2023. 原先內容歸檔喺23 September 2023. 喺22 September 2023搵到.
  31. ↑ "Armenian separatists in Karabakh surrender and agree to ceasefire with Azerbaijan". Reuters. 20 September 2023. 原先內容歸檔喺20 September 2023. 喺20 September 2023搵到.
  32. ↑ "Karabakh Separatists To Hold Integration Talks With Azerbaijan Thursday". Barron's. 20 September 2023. 原先內容歸檔喺20 September 2023. 喺20 September 2023搵到.
  33. ↑ Matveeva, Anna (2002). The South Caucasus: Nationalism, Conflict and Minorities (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 11. ISBN 189769344-3. 原著 (PDF)喺23 August 2020歸檔.
  34. ↑ Panossian, Razmik (2002). "The Irony of Nagorno-Karabakh: Formal Institutions versus Informal Politics". 出自 James Hughes; Gwendolyn Sasse (編). Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict. Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-1136342042.
  35. ↑ Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). "Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ↑ Cornell, Svante E. (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies. Uppsala University. p. 26.
  37. ↑ Papazian, Taline (2008). "State at War, State in War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and State-Making in Armenia, 1991–1995". The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies (8): 25. doi:10.4000/pipss.1623.
  38. ↑ Murphy, David E. (1992). "Operation 'Ring': The Black Berets in Azerbaijan". The Journal of Soviet Military Studies. 5 (1): 93. doi:10.1080/13518049208430053.
  39. ↑ "Принуждение к конфликту" [Coercion to conflict]. Kommersant (Russian). 16 October 2020. 喺21 April 2021搵到.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  40. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (29 January 2021). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail?". 《紐約時報》. 喺4 March 2021搵到.
  41. ↑ Tsvetkova, Maria; Auyezov, Olzhas (9 November 2020). "Analysis: Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". 《路透社》. 喺4 March 2021搵到.
  42. ↑ Abrahamyan, Eduard (8 January 2018). "Russian Loan Allows Armenia to Upgrade Military Capabilities". CACI Analyst. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. 原著喺5 August 2020歸檔.
  43. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2019). The Military Balance 2019. 倫敦: Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1857439885.
  44. ↑ Blandy, C. W. (2008). Azerbaijan: Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option? (PDF). Advanced Research and Assessment Group, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. p. 14. ISBN 978-1905962495. 原著 (PDF)喺2016-04-15歸檔.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "SIPRI Yearbook 1994". sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1994. p. 88. 原著 (PDF)喺26 August 2020歸檔. Table of conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1993
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Levon Chorbajian; Patrick Donabédian; Claude Mutafian (1994). The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. London: Zed Books. pp. 13–18. ISBN 1856492885. Unless otherwise stated, the statistics cited by the authors is from data compiled by the International Institute for Strategic Studies in its annual The Military Balance, published in 1993. Reference to these statistics can be found on pages 68–69 and 71–73 of the report.
  47. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2019). The Military Balance 2019. London: Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 978-1857439885.
  48. ↑ "SIPRI Yearbook 1995". sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. p. 28. 原著 (PDF)喺26 August 2020歸檔. Table of conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1994
  49. ↑ De Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0814719459.
  50. ↑ Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2011-12-06.. Euronews. 28 November 2009.
  51. ↑ Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh – civilians, viewed 2013-05-03
  52. ↑ "Azerbaijani Soldier Shot Dead by Armenian Forces". Naharnet. 原先內容歸檔喺16 10月 2014. 喺22 10月 2014搵到.
  53. ↑ "Armenia and Azerbaijan: Preventing War" (PDF). Europe Briefing N°60. International Crisis Group. 8 February 2011. p. 3. 原著 (PDF)喺20 May 2016歸檔.
  54. ↑ Starovoytova 1997, p. 24.
  55. ↑ Starovoytova 1997, p. vi.
  56. ↑ "Armenia and Azerbaijan: A blockade that never ended and a peace deal hanging by a thread". Global Voices (英文). 2023-07-19. 喺2023-07-24搵到.
  57. ↑ "Azerbaijani forces strike Armenian-controlled Karabakh, raising risk of new Caucasus war". Reuters. 19 September 2023.
  58. ↑ "Azerbaijan launches attack in Nagorno-Karabakh, announces 'evacuation' of Armenian population". 19 September 2023.
  59. ↑ "Azerbaijan says it has begun 'anti-terrorist' operations in Nagorno-Karabakh" (英文). France 24. 2023-09-19. 喺2023-09-19搵到.
  60. ↑ "Глава Нагорного Карабаха подписал указ о прекращении существования республики". Коммерсантъ (俄文). 2023-09-28. 喺2023-09-28搵到.

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