強化敏感度理論
強化敏感度理論（reinforcement sensitivity theory，簡稱「RST」）係一個喺廿世紀尾興起，描述性格嘅心理學理論。
概論
編輯睇埋：行為強化
研究 RST 嘅心理學家喺實驗室入面做咗觀察，睇大家鼠等動物喺遇到唔同事物嗰陣有點樣嘅行為，然後仲做咗神經成像睇吓呢啲行為由邊啲腦區主宰。根據 RST 研究得出嘅結果，一隻動物嘅腦有三個重要系統[2][3]：
- 行為趨近系統（behavioral approach system，BAS）：呢個系統會對表示強化（簡單講，就係嘢食或者同伴等令隻動物開心嘅嘢）嘅刺激有反應，一旦啟動就會傾向令隻動物行埋去向個刺激嗰度（趨近行為）；可以睇埋犒賞系統。
- 戰鬥定逃走系統（fight-flight system，FFS）：呢個系統會對表示懲罰（簡單講，就係獵食者等有危險嘅嘢）嘅刺激有反應，一旦啟動就會引致戰鬥定逃走反應，令隻動物進入恐懼等能夠幫佢避開危險嘅情緒狀態（例：一個覺得驚嘅人會心跳加速，而呢點令佢更加能夠快速奔跑）；
- 行為壓抑系統（behavioral inhibition system，BIS）：呢個系統會對一啲唔明確嘅刺激有反應，反映咗 BAS 同 FFS 同時啟動，例如個個體遠睇到有隻生物，嗰隻生物有可能係同伴，但又有可能係獵食者（唔明確）；BIS 傾向引起焦慮嘅情緒－焦慮情緒反映個個體對未來感到不確定性，傾向令個個體進入所謂嘅慎重趨近（cautious approach）狀態，即係會作出趨近，但同時將注意力變成集中於留意周圍有冇危險（以便一旦真係有危險就可以即刻發覺同進入戰鬥定逃走狀態）[1][4]。睇埋趨近定遠離衝突（approach-avoidance conflict）。
喺呢三個系統正常運作嗰陣，隻動物可以順利得到佢需要嘅嘢（BAS 令佢曉行埋嘢食或者伴侶嗰度），同時又可以避開有危險嘅嘢（FFS 令佢喺有危險嗰時會郁手攻擊或者走佬，而 BIS 令佢喺周圍可能有危險嗰陣提高警戒），所以有助隻動物生存同繁殖，通過進化嘅考驗流傳到落嚟[4]。
除此之外，RST 仲進一步提出，無論係人定第啲動物，唔同個體喺呢幾個系統嘅敏感度（sensitivity）上有差異：例如有啲人嘅 FFS 敏感度高，所以佢哋稍為感覺到危險，就會即刻出現驚等嘅反應，而另一啲人嘅 FFS 敏感度低，所以就算真係遇到危險嗰陣都唔會有太巨大嘅反應－前者會比較細膽；有啲人嘅 BAS 敏感度高，所以容易進入趨近狀態（見到新朋友會比較傾向主動行埋去，比較外向）... 等等；根據 RST，性格（personality；定義上指個體喺行為上嘅差異）呢樣嘢可以想像成呢三個系統嘅敏感度上嘅個體差異[5]，而事實係，問卷調查同心理學實驗等嘅研究都支撐咗呢一個學說[6]。
睇埋
編輯參考文獻
編輯- Corr, Phillip J. (2004). "Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Personality". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 28 (3): 317–332.
- Gray, Jeffrey A.; Neil McNaughton (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (PDF). Oxford Psychology Series.
- Jackson, Chris J. (2009). "Jackson-5 scales of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) and their application to dysfunctional real-world outcomes" (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 43 (4): 556–569.
- Krupić, D., Corr, P. J., Ručević, S., Križanić, V., & Gračanin, A. (2016). Five reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality questionnaires: Comparison, validity and generalization (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 19-24.
- Krupić, D., & Corr, P. J. (2020). How reinforcement sensitivity theory relates to self-determination theory (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109705.
- Maack, D. J., Buchanan, E., & Young, J. (2015). Development and psychometric investigation of an inventory to assess fight, flight, and freeze tendencies: The fight, flight, freeze questionnaire (PDF). Cognitive behaviour therapy, 44(2), 117-127.
- Walker, B. R., & Jackson, C. J. (2017). Examining the validity of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory scales (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 90-94.
攷
編輯- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gray, J.A. and McNaughton, N., The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, July 2003, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
- ↑ Corr, Phillip (2008). The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Gray, J. A. (1991). The neurophysiology of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 105-128). New York, NY: Plenum.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gray, Jeffrey A.; Neil McNaughton (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2017年8月9號，. (PDF). Oxford Psychology Series.
- ↑ Larsen, R. J., & Buss, D. M. (2009). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- ↑ Jackson, Chris J. (2009). "Jackson-5 scales of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) and their application to dysfunctional real-world outcomes 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2020年2月9號，." (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 43 (4): 556–569.