阿米尼示威
阿米尼示威(波斯文:خیزش ۱۴۰۱ ایران)喺當地又叫做伊朗1401年革命[b],係一次喺2022年9月喺伊朗開始爆發嘅大型示威。
阿米尼示威
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伊朗反穆斯林頭巾運動嘅一部分 | |||||||||||||
喺德黑蘭爆發嘅示威同靜坐 | |||||||||||||
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衝突方 | |||||||||||||
伊朗政府 | 示威者 反伊斯蘭政府嘅組織 | ||||||||||||
指揮人士 | |||||||||||||
哈梅內伊 萊希 |
冇大臺[8] | ||||||||||||
傷亡 | |||||||||||||
68位保安人員死[9] | 獨立報道[a]: 至少551位示威者殺咗 (包括68位未成年人)[10] 根據政府: 200人死[11] |
歷史
編輯喺2022年9月13號,道德警察基於伊朗嘅穆斯林頭巾法律,拉咗瑪莎·阿米尼,話佢塊頭巾戴得「唔適當」。根據當時嘅目擊證人,警察人員曾經大力咁打阿米尼,不過政府否認。到阿米尼入咗拘留冇耐,佢就暈低咗、跟住入咗醫院,3日内仲死埋[13]。
喺之後嗰幾日,阿米尼嘅鄉下 Saqqez 爆發示威抗議,跟住好快就擴散哂去全國嘅大城市。伊朗政府為咗㩒停啲示威,就曾經熄哂個互聯網,同時限制啲人可以用嘅社交媒體[14][15]。對於街頭嘅示威,伊朗政府亦派咗軍隊同警察去鎮壓,包括用催淚彈同槍[16][17][18]。
啲示威由2022年9月開始,一路到2023年3月已經開始散落嚟[19]。到2023年9月,即係示威開始一年之後,伊朗政府已經成功保住自己嘅權力 [20]。
傷亡
編輯雖然呢次嘅示威冇喺2019年嗰陣傷亡咁慘重[21],不過呢次嘅示威仍然要至少551位示威者死喺政府手上,其中包括咗68位未成年人[10]。對於警察拉人方面,就估計有大約19,262人[22][23],不過大部分到2023年2月都已經放返[24]。
特徵
編輯比起伊朗之前嘅示威,呢次嘅示威係更加普遍,橫跨咗成個國家嘅唔同社會階層、年齡、性別、同種族等等,特別係喺街頭同大學最明顯[25]。其中女人,尤其係後生嗰班,喺呢次示威入面特別重要同埋出鏡,因為穆斯林頭巾嘅法例係最影響到佢哋。
仲有就係,呢次示威係比之前更加理直氣壯咁要求推翻伊朗政府,而唔只係要求改革,例如之前嘅示威會著重嘅選舉舞弊或者經濟問題[26]。
可能因為咁,所以伊朗政府對呢次示威嘅鎮壓亦都非常之手硬,連細路都唔放過[10]。所以,世界好多其他國家都鬧爆個政府[27],而聯合國甚至喺2024年3月6號告伊朗政府犯咗反人類罪[28],不過個政府完全否認有做錯任何嘢,話啲示威係外國搞嘅「暴動」同埋「混合仗」[29][30][31]。
影響
編輯雖然呢次示威唔成功,不過仍然係伊朗有史以嚟其中最大型嘅反抗運動之一[32]。自從1979年伊朗革命令伊斯蘭共和國掌權以嚟,呢次示威係對依家嘅伊朗政府「前所未有」嘅挑戰[25],同埋「最廣泛嘅叛亂」[33],反映到伊朗民眾對政府嘅嚴重反感程度。
註
編輯攷
編輯- ↑ "Worldwide protests continue after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini". USA Today. 24 September 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺24 September 2022. 喺25 September 2022搵到.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ghattas, Kim (2 October 2022). "A Whole Generation Revolts Against the Iranian Regime". The Atlantic (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺2 October 2022. 喺3 October 2022搵到.
- ↑ "Iran warns the West over protests as international backlash grows". NBC News (英文). 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺2 October 2022. 喺3 October 2022搵到.
- ↑ "'They want the world to hear them:' St. John's rally held in solidarity with Iran protests". CBC. 1 October 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺2 October 2022. 喺3 October 2022搵到.
- ↑ Ioanes, Ellen (10 December 2022). "Iran's months-long protest movement, explained". Vox (英文). 喺29 December 2022搵到.
- ↑ "Pro-government demonstrators take to the streets to show their rejection of Iranian protests" (澳洲英文). MSN. 原先內容歸檔喺23 September 2022. 喺24 September 2022搵到.
- ↑ "Thousands gather for pro-government rallies in Iran amid mass protests" (英文). TRT World. 原先內容歸檔喺23 September 2022. 喺24 September 2022搵到.
- ↑ "IAEA and protests blow up in Iran's face - analysis". The Jerusalem Post. 2022-11-20. 喺2022-11-26搵到.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Iran hangs two men accused of killing security agent during protests". Reuters. 2022-01-07. 喺2023-01-17搵到.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "One Year Protest Report: At Least 551 Killed and 22 Suspicious Deaths". Iran Human Rights. 2023-09-15.
- ↑ "Iran state body reports 200 dead in protests, Raisi hails 'freedoms'". 2022-12-03. 喺2022-12-07搵到.
- ↑ "Hengaw Report No. 7 on the Kurdistan protests, 18 dead and 898 injured". Hengaw. 2022-09-26. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-26. 喺2022-09-27搵到.
- ↑ Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2022-09-16). "Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law". The Guardian (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-20. 喺2022-09-22搵到.
- ↑ Bonifacic, Igor (2022-09-21). "Iran restricts access to WhatsApp and Instagram in response to Mahsa Amini protests". Engadget. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-24. 喺2022-09-22搵到.
- ↑ Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2022-09-22). "Iran blocks capital's internet access as Amini protests grow". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-25. 喺2022-09-25搵到.
- ↑ "Eʿterāżāt dar Īrān; Šomār-e košte-šod-gān be dast-e kam 50 tan resīd" اعتراضات در ایران؛ شمار کشتهشدگان به دستکم ۵۰ تن رسید [Protests in Iran; The Number of Those Killed has Risen to at least 50 people]. Iran Human Rights (波斯文). 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-24. 喺2022-09-23搵到.
- ↑ "Death toll grows in Iran as Mahsa Amini protests continue for 10th night". The Guardian. 2022-09-26. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-26. 喺2022-09-26搵到.
- ↑ "76 deaths, 1,200 arrests in Iran response to protests". rte.ie (英文). 2022-09-26. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-27. 喺2022-09-27搵到.
- ↑ "Iran's Baloch population leads anti-regime protests six months after Mahsa Amini's death". France 24 (英文). 2023-03-16. 喺2023-03-20搵到.
- ↑ Hafezi, Parisa (2023-09-12). "What has changed in Iran one year since Mahsa Amini protests erupted?". Reuters. 喺2023-09-23搵到.
- ↑ "Eʿterāżāt dar Irān; Afzāyeš-e Āmār-e Koštešodegān be biš az 30 Hamzamān bā Eḫtelāl dar Internet" اعتراضات در ایران؛ افزایش آمار کشتهشدگان به بیش از ۳۰ نفر همزمان با اختلال در اینترنت [Protests in Iran; The Number of Those Killed has Increased to over 30 People Simultaneously With Internet Blackout]. Iran Human Rights (波斯文). 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-22. 喺2022-09-22搵到.
- ↑ "Iran lawmakers demand severe punishment for 'rioters' as protests rage". Reuters. 2022-11-06. 喺7 November 2022搵到.
- ↑ Leonhardt, David. "Iran's Ferocious Dissent". 《紐約時報》.
- ↑ Motamedi, Maziar (2023-09-16). "Iran: One year after the death of Mahsa Amini". Al Jazeera. 喺2023-09-25搵到.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region". The Guardian. 2022-11-06. 喺2022-11-07搵到.
- ↑ "Cleric killed in restive Iranian city, protests rage on". Reuters. 2022-11-03. 喺2022-11-04搵到.
- ↑ "World Leaders on Mahsa Amini's Death and Protests". US Institute of Peace. 2022-11-04. 喺2023-09-27搵到.
- ↑ "Iran crushing peaceful protests led to 'crimes against humanity': UN mission". The Times of India. 2024-03-08. ISSN 0971-8257. 喺2024-03-09搵到.
- ↑ Motamedi, Maziar (2022-10-03). "Iran's Khamenei blames Israel, US in first comments on protests". Aljazeera. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-10-03. 喺2022-10-03搵到.
- ↑ Tisdall, Simon (2022-10-08). "Iran's brave young women must break their own chains. The west won't help". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-10-08. 喺2022-10-08搵到.
- ↑ "Iranian police launch probe after video shows man beaten, shot". www.aljazeera.com (英文). 喺2022-11-04搵到.
- ↑ Nimoni, Fiona (2023-09-16). "Mahsa Amini: Protesters mark one year since death of Iranian student". BBC News. 喺2023-09-24搵到.
- ↑ Moaveni, Azadeh (2023-08-07). "Letter from Iran The Protests Inside Iran's Girls' Schools". The New Yorker. 喺2023-09-24搵到.