阿米尼示威波斯文خیزش ۱۴۰۱ ایران‎)喺當地又叫做伊朗1401年革命[b],係一次喺2022年9月喺伊朗開始爆發嘅大型示威

阿米尼示威
伊朗穆斯林頭巾運動嘅一部分


德黑蘭爆發嘅示威靜坐
日期 2022年9月16號 – 2023年
地點 伊朗 伊朗,世界各地亦有聲援嘅集會[1]
起因 .
目標 .
特徵 示威罷工公民抗命
(包括特登唔戴或者燒穆斯林頭巾
結果 示威失敗:
衝突方
伊朗 伊朗政府 示威者
伊朗王國 反伊斯蘭政府嘅組織
指揮人士
伊朗 哈梅內伊
伊朗 萊希
冇大臺[8]
傷亡
68位保安人員死[9] 獨立報道[a]
至少551位示威者殺咗
(包括68位未成年人)[10]
根據政府:
200人死[11]

至少898人傷[12]
19,262人拉咗[9]

歷史

編輯

喺2022年9月13號,道德警察英文Guidance Patrol基於伊朗穆斯林頭巾法律,拉咗瑪莎·阿米尼英文Mahsa Amini,話佢塊頭巾戴得「唔適當」。根據當時嘅目擊證人,警察人員曾經大力咁打阿米尼,不過政府否認。到阿米尼入咗拘留冇耐,佢就暈低咗、跟住入咗醫院,3日内仲死埋[13]

喺之後嗰幾日,阿米尼嘅鄉下 Saqqez 爆發示威抗議,跟住好快就擴散哂去全國嘅大城市。伊朗政府為咗㩒停啲示威,就曾經熄哂個互聯網,同時限制啲人可以用嘅社交媒體[14][15]。對於街頭嘅示威,伊朗政府亦派咗軍隊警察去鎮壓,包括用催淚彈[16][17][18]

啲示威由2022年9月開始,一路到2023年3月已經開始散落嚟[19]。到2023年9月,即係示威開始一年之後,伊朗政府已經成功保住自己嘅權力 [20]

傷亡

編輯

雖然呢次嘅示威冇喺2019年嗰陣傷亡咁慘重[21],不過呢次嘅示威仍然要至少551位示威者死喺政府手上,其中包括咗68位未成年人[10]。對於警察拉人方面,就估計有大約19,262人[22][23],不過大部分到2023年2月都已經放返[24]

特徵

編輯

比起伊朗之前嘅示威,呢次嘅示威係更加普遍,橫跨咗成個國家嘅唔同社會階層年齡性別、同種族等等,特別係喺街頭大學最明顯[25]。其中女人,尤其係後生嗰班,喺呢次示威入面特別重要同埋出鏡,因為穆斯林頭巾嘅法例係最影響到佢哋。

仲有就係,呢次示威係比之前更加理直氣壯咁要求推翻伊朗政府,而唔只係要求改革,例如之前嘅示威會著重嘅選舉舞弊或者經濟問題[26]

可能因為咁,所以伊朗政府對呢次示威嘅鎮壓亦都非常之手硬,連細路都唔放過[10]。所以,世界好多其他國家都鬧爆個政府[27],而聯合國甚至喺2024年3月6號告伊朗政府犯咗反人類罪[28],不過個政府完全否認有做錯任何嘢,話啲示威係外國搞嘅「暴動」同埋「混合仗」[29][30][31]

影響

編輯

雖然呢次示威唔成功,不過仍然係伊朗有史以嚟其中最大型嘅反抗運動之一[32]。自從1979年伊朗革命令伊斯蘭共和國掌權以嚟,呢次示威係對依家嘅伊朗政府「前所未有」嘅挑戰[25],同埋「最廣泛嘅叛亂」[33],反映到伊朗民眾對政府嘅嚴重反感程度。

  1. 根據伊朗嘅人權組織IHR英文Iran Human Rights
  2. 嚟自伊朗曆英文Solar Hijri calendar
  1. "Worldwide protests continue after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini". USA Today. 24 September 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺24 September 2022. 喺25 September 2022搵到.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Ghattas, Kim (2 October 2022). "A Whole Generation Revolts Against the Iranian Regime". The Atlantic (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺2 October 2022. 喺3 October 2022搵到.
  3. "Iran warns the West over protests as international backlash grows". NBC News (英文). 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺2 October 2022. 喺3 October 2022搵到.
  4. "'They want the world to hear them:' St. John's rally held in solidarity with Iran protests". CBC. 1 October 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺2 October 2022. 喺3 October 2022搵到.
  5. Ioanes, Ellen (10 December 2022). "Iran's months-long protest movement, explained". Vox (英文). 喺29 December 2022搵到.
  6. "Pro-government demonstrators take to the streets to show their rejection of Iranian protests" (澳洲英文). MSN. 原先內容歸檔喺23 September 2022. 喺24 September 2022搵到.
  7. "Thousands gather for pro-government rallies in Iran amid mass protests" (英文). TRT World. 原先內容歸檔喺23 September 2022. 喺24 September 2022搵到.
  8. "IAEA and protests blow up in Iran's face - analysis". The Jerusalem Post. 2022-11-20. 喺2022-11-26搵到.
  9. 9.0 9.1 "Iran hangs two men accused of killing security agent during protests". Reuters. 2022-01-07. 喺2023-01-17搵到.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 "One Year Protest Report: At Least 551 Killed and 22 Suspicious Deaths". Iran Human Rights. 2023-09-15.
  11. "Iran state body reports 200 dead in protests, Raisi hails 'freedoms'". 2022-12-03. 喺2022-12-07搵到.
  12. "Hengaw Report No. 7 on the Kurdistan protests, 18 dead and 898 injured". Hengaw. 2022-09-26. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-26. 喺2022-09-27搵到.
  13. Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2022-09-16). "Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law". The Guardian (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-20. 喺2022-09-22搵到.
  14. Bonifacic, Igor (2022-09-21). "Iran restricts access to WhatsApp and Instagram in response to Mahsa Amini protests". Engadget. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-24. 喺2022-09-22搵到.
  15. Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2022-09-22). "Iran blocks capital's internet access as Amini protests grow". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-25. 喺2022-09-25搵到.
  16. "Eʿterāżāt dar Īrān; Šomār-e košte-šod-gān be dast-e kam 50 tan resīd" اعتراضات در ایران؛ شمار کشته‌شدگان به دست‌کم ۵۰ تن رسید [Protests in Iran; The Number of Those Killed has Risen to at least 50 people]. Iran Human Rights (波斯文). 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-24. 喺2022-09-23搵到.
  17. "Death toll grows in Iran as Mahsa Amini protests continue for 10th night". The Guardian. 2022-09-26. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-26. 喺2022-09-26搵到.
  18. "76 deaths, 1,200 arrests in Iran response to protests". rte.ie (英文). 2022-09-26. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-27. 喺2022-09-27搵到.
  19. "Iran's Baloch population leads anti-regime protests six months after Mahsa Amini's death". France 24 (英文). 2023-03-16. 喺2023-03-20搵到.
  20. Hafezi, Parisa (2023-09-12). "What has changed in Iran one year since Mahsa Amini protests erupted?". Reuters. 喺2023-09-23搵到.
  21. "Eʿterāżāt dar Irān; Afzāyeš-e Āmār-e Koštešodegān be biš az 30 Hamzamān bā Eḫtelāl dar Internet" اعتراضات در ایران؛ افزایش آمار کشته‌شدگان به بیش از ۳۰ نفر همزمان با اختلال در اینترنت [Protests in Iran; The Number of Those Killed has Increased to over 30 People Simultaneously With Internet Blackout]. Iran Human Rights (波斯文). 原先內容歸檔喺2022-09-22. 喺2022-09-22搵到.
  22. "Iran lawmakers demand severe punishment for 'rioters' as protests rage". Reuters. 2022-11-06. 喺7 November 2022搵到.
  23. Leonhardt, David. "Iran's Ferocious Dissent". 約時報.
  24. Motamedi, Maziar (2023-09-16). "Iran: One year after the death of Mahsa Amini". Al Jazeera. 喺2023-09-25搵到.
  25. 25.0 25.1 "Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region". The Guardian. 2022-11-06. 喺2022-11-07搵到.
  26. "Cleric killed in restive Iranian city, protests rage on". Reuters. 2022-11-03. 喺2022-11-04搵到.
  27. "World Leaders on Mahsa Amini's Death and Protests". US Institute of Peace. 2022-11-04. 喺2023-09-27搵到.
  28. "Iran crushing peaceful protests led to 'crimes against humanity': UN mission". The Times of India. 2024-03-08. ISSN 0971-8257. 喺2024-03-09搵到.
  29. Motamedi, Maziar (2022-10-03). "Iran's Khamenei blames Israel, US in first comments on protests". Aljazeera. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-10-03. 喺2022-10-03搵到.
  30. Tisdall, Simon (2022-10-08). "Iran's brave young women must break their own chains. The west won't help". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺2022-10-08. 喺2022-10-08搵到.
  31. "Iranian police launch probe after video shows man beaten, shot". www.aljazeera.com (英文). 喺2022-11-04搵到.
  32. Nimoni, Fiona (2023-09-16). "Mahsa Amini: Protesters mark one year since death of Iranian student". BBC News. 喺2023-09-24搵到.
  33. Moaveni, Azadeh (2023-08-07). "Letter from Iran The Protests Inside Iran's Girls' Schools". The New Yorker. 喺2023-09-24搵到.