頓巴斯戰爭
頓巴斯戰爭 (烏克蘭文:Війна на Донбасі,羅馬化:Viina na Donbasi、俄文:Война в Донбассе,拉丁化:Voyna v Donbasse) 係俄烏戰爭嘅一個階段,由2014年4月打到2022年2月,跟住自從俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭之後,成為咗全面嘅戰爭。
頓巴斯戰爭 | |||||||||
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俄烏戰爭嘅一部分 | |||||||||
親俄武裝(左)同埋烏克蘭軍隊(右) |
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烏克蘭 | 俄羅斯[5][6][7] | ||||||||
指揮官同領導者 | |||||||||
澤連斯基 (2019–2022) 波羅申科 (2014–2019) | 普京 普希林 (2018–2022) 扎哈爾琴科 (2014–2018) † 帕謝奇尼克 (2017–2022) 普羅特尼茨基 (2014–2017) |
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兵力 | |||||||||
6萬4千人[9] | 大約4萬位親俄武裝[10] 大約1萬位俄軍[11][12] |
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傷亡同損失 | |||||||||
4,647人死[13][14] 13,800–14,200人受傷[15] 70人失蹤[16] | 6,500人死 15,800–16,200人受傷[15] |
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3,404位平民死 (其中2016-2021年之間有365人) 5.1-5.4萬位平民受傷[15] 160萬位烏克蘭人成為國內流離失所者 [17] |
歷史
編輯開始
編輯2014年3月,經過 Euromaidan 革命成功之後,克里米亞危機爆發,俄羅斯獨自咁吞并咗克里米亞[18]。喺同一時間,烏克蘭東部開始出現親俄動亂,特別係最東面嘅頓巴斯地區(包含咗頓涅茨克州同埋盧甘斯克州)。喺嗰度組成咗親俄武裝,佢哋自稱要脫離烏克蘭,成立咗頓涅茨克人民共和國同埋盧甘斯克人民共和國[19]。喺2014年4月12號,俄國軍人 Igor Girkin 帶住一班小隊控制咗斯洛維揚斯克[20][21][22][23],跟住烏克蘭嘅軍隊開始咗軍事行動嚟剔除佢哋[24][25],兩邊正式開戰。
俄國加入
編輯喺場仗期間,雖然俄羅斯聲稱只係打發咗“軍事專家”去幫呢啲武裝分子[26][27],但係實際上佢哋送咗唔少軍事援助,甚至有一班俄國軍人有份打[28]。烏克蘭喺2014年4月開始“反恐行動”[29],到8月尾已經成功控制返頓巴斯嘅大部分地方[30]。俄國之後暗地裏送哂各種各樣嘅武器,包括軍人、坦克、同大炮等等[31][32]。烏克蘭叫佢哋做“隱形入侵”[32][33]。多得俄國嘅幫手,親俄武裝先至能夠攞返佢哋原本已經輸咗嘅地[34][35]。根據頓涅茨克人民共和國嘅總理 Alexander Borodai,只係頭5個月就已經有超過5萬位“俄國自願者”加入場仗 [36]。
和解失敗
編輯喺2014年9月,大家簽咗《明斯克協議》嚟同意做停火[37],但係到2015年1月已經完全好似冇發生過,兩邊依然繼續打 。到2015年2月,佢哋再一次簽咗《新明斯克協議》嚟做停火,但係俄國方面繼續咗攻擊,逼烏克蘭軍隊撤退[38]。到2015年2月20號,條前線開始穩定,兩邊嘅軍隊都停咗主要嘅鬥爭,演變成為塹壕戰[39][40]。
雖然場仗基本上成為咗“凍結衝突”[41],但係每個月依然平均有幾十人死[42]。到2017年,平均每3日就有一位烏克蘭士兵打死[43],而戰場上有估計4萬位親俄武裝同埋6千位俄國軍人在場[44][45]。兩邊曾經喺2019年10月嘗試過和解嘅計劃[46],但係最終都唔成功[47][48]。
結果
編輯場仗總共有29次失敗咗嘅停火[49][50],而場仗嘅死傷有大約14,000人,其中喺軍事上,俄國方面有6,500位,烏克蘭方面有4,400位,而平民就有大約3,400人[15]。
喺2021年,俄國方面似乎開始喺邊界積聚軍力,烏克蘭方面嘅死傷又開始多返[51]。到2022年2月24號,俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭,頓巴斯戰爭正式畀佢哋代替,成為咗全面嘅鬥爭。
睇埋
編輯註
編輯攷
編輯- ↑ Galeotti, Mark; Hook, Adam (2019). Windrow, Martin (編). Armies of Russia's war in Ukraine. Elite. Oxford New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-1-4728-3345-7.
- ↑ Mitrokhin, Nikolay (2021). "Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia's War in the Donbas". 出自 Hauter, Jakob; Wilson, Andrew (編). Civil war? Interstate war? Hybrid war? dimensions and interpretations of the Donbas Conflict in 2014-2020. Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society. Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag. p. 115. ISBN 978-3-8382-7383-9.
- ↑ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, 編 (2023), "Ukraine's Unnamed War", Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. i–ii, ISBN 978-1-316-51149-7, 喺2023-09-23搵到
- ↑ Plokhy, Serhii (2023-05-16). The Russo-Ukrainian War: From the bestselling author of Chernobyl (英文). Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-80206-179-6.
- ↑ "PACE officially recognizes occupied areas in Donbas as 'effectively controlled' by Russia". Unian.info. 24 April 2018. 喺27 April 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Ukraine vs Russia: The ICJ's Court Decision, Examined". en.hromadske.ua. 24 April 2017. 原著喺2022年2月20號歸檔. 喺27 April 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Ukraine: Breaking Bodies: Torture and Summary Killings in Eastern Ukraine". Amnesty International. 22 May 2015. p. 10. 喺20 May 2018搵到.
Sustained fighting erupted in eastern Ukraine that summer, amidst compelling evidence of Russian military involvement.
- ↑ "Russia's Federation Council ratifies annexation of four Ukrainian regions". 路透社.
- ↑ "Probability of full-scale Russian invasion remains high – Ukrainian army general". Ukraine Today. 28 July 2015. 原著喺28 February 2017歸檔. 喺29 July 2015搵到.
- ↑ "Pro-Russian rebels have 40,000-strong army, sufficient for 'mid-sized European state': Ukraine defence minister". ABC AU. 9 June 2015. 喺26 June 2015搵到.
- ↑ "Kyiv Says 42,500 Rebels, Russian Soldiers Stationed in East Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 June 2015. 喺25 June 2015搵到.
- ↑ "Some 12,000 Russian soldiers in Ukraine supporting rebels: U.S. commander". Reuters. 3 March 2015. 喺3 March 2015搵到.
- ↑ Книга пам'яті загиблих [Memorial Book to the Fallen]. Herman Shapovalenko, Yevhen Vorokh, Yuriy Hirchenko (烏克蘭文). 喺31 January 2015搵到.
- ↑ "Ukraine soldier dies in shelling attack: Armed forces". Al Arabiya English. 23 February 2022.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "Conflict-related civilian casualties in Ukraine" (PDF). OHCHR. 27 January 2022. 喺27 January 2022搵到.
- ↑ "UNIAN: 70 missing soldiers officially reported over years of war in Donbas". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 6 September 2019. 喺6 September 2019搵到.
- ↑ Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016 (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 3 March 2016. 喺3 March 2016搵到.
- ↑ "Putin reclaims Crimea for Russia and bitterly denounces the West". 紐約時報. 2014年3月18號.
- ↑ Grytsenko, Oksana (2014年4月12號). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid". Kyiv Post. 原著喺2014年4月12號歸檔.
- ↑ Galeotti, Mark; Hook, Adam (2019). Windrow, Martin (編). Armies of Russia's war in Ukraine. Elite. Oxford New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-1-4728-3345-7.
- ↑ Mitrokhin, Nikolay (2021). "Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia's War in the Donbas". 出自 Hauter, Jakob; Wilson, Andrew (編). Civil war? Interstate war? Hybrid war? dimensions and interpretations of the Donbas Conflict in 2014-2020. Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society. Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag. p. 115. ISBN 978-3-8382-7383-9.
- ↑ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, 編 (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War. Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. i–ii. ISBN 978-1-316-51149-7. 喺2023-09-23搵到.
- ↑ Plokhy, Serhii (2023-05-16). The Russo-Ukrainian War: From the bestselling author of Chernobyl (英文). Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-80206-179-6.
- ↑ Galeotti, Mark; Hook, Adam (2019). Windrow, Martin (編). Armies of Russia's war in Ukraine. Elite. Oxford New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-1-4728-3345-7.
- ↑ Mitrokhin, Nikolay (2021). "Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia's War in the Donbas". 出自 Hauter, Jakob; Wilson, Andrew (編). Civil war? Interstate war? Hybrid war? dimensions and interpretations of the Donbas Conflict in 2014-2020. Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society. Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag. p. 115. ISBN 978-3-8382-7383-9.
- ↑ "Putin Claims Russia Was 'Forced To Defend Russian-Speaking Population in Donbass'". The Interpreter. 12 October 2016. 原著喺2022年2月23號歸檔. 喺8 January 2018搵到.
- ↑ Oliphant, Roland (17 December 2015). "Vladimir Putin admits: Russian troops 'were in Ukraine'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. 原先內容歸檔喺11 January 2022. 喺9 January 2018搵到.
- ↑ "State Duma passes law giving Wagner mercenaries 'combat veteran' status". Meduza. 2023年4月20號.
- ↑ "Ukraine says Donetsk 'anti-terror operation' under way". BBC News. 2014-04-15. 喺2022-04-22搵到.
- ↑ Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017). Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine (PDF) (報告). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 44.
- ↑ Michael R. Gordon (22 August 2014). "Russia Moves Artillery Units into Ukraine, NATO Says". The New York Times. 喺5 June 2015搵到.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kramer, Andrew E.; Gordon, Michael R. (27 August 2014). "Ukraine Reports Russian Invasion on a New Front". The New York Times. 喺27 August 2014搵到.
- ↑ "Ukraine accuses Russia of invasion after aid convoy crosses border". Reuters. 22 August 2014. 原先內容歸檔喺22 August 2014. 喺22 August 2014搵到.
- ↑ Katchanovski, Ivan (2016年10月1號). "The Separatist War in Donbas: A Violent Break-up of Ukraine?". European Politics and Society. 17 (4): 473–489. doi:10.1080/23745118.2016.1154131. ISSN 2374-5118. S2CID 155890093.
- ↑ "Окремі райони Донбасу та Луганської області (ОРДЛО)". 2022年3月29號. 喺29 March 2022搵到.
- ↑ "Former Ukraine rebel head starts support group for Russian fighters". Yahoo News (英文). 27 August 2015.
- ↑ "Ukraine and pro-Russia rebels sign ceasefire deal". BBC News. 2014年9月5號.
- ↑ "Rebels claim upper hand in Debaltseve". Deutsche Welle. 2015年2月17號.
- ↑ "Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine". Time (英文). 喺2022-04-26搵到.
- ↑ Brown, Daniel. "Here's what it's like inside the bunkers Ukrainian troops are living in every day". Business Insider (美國英文). 喺2022-04-26搵到.
- ↑ Tsvetkova, Maria (2015年7月21號). "Ceasefire brings limited respite for east Ukrainians". Euronews. 路透社. 原著喺2015年7月25號歸檔.
- ↑ Whitmore, Brian (26 July 2016). "The Daily Vertical: Ukraine's Forgotten War (Transcript)". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 喺9 September 2016搵到.
- ↑ Kurt Volker: The Full Transcript, Politico (2017年11月27號)
- ↑ "Kyiv says there are about 6,000 Russian soldiers, 40,000 separatists in Donbas". Kyiv Post. 11 September 2017. 喺16 November 2017搵到.
- ↑ Miller, Christopher (30 January 2017). "Anxious Ukraine Risks Escalation In 'Creeping Offensive'". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 喺27 April 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Will a deal with Russia bring peace to Ukraine?". 《BBC新聞》 (英文). 2019年10月11號. 喺11 October 2019搵到.
- ↑ "Volodymyr Zelenskyy: 'high chance' of ending war in Ukraine 'this year'". Euronews. 2020年8月25號.
- ↑ "The longest truce in Donbas. Does it really exist" (烏克蘭文). Ukrainska Pravda. 2020年9月7號.
- ↑ "New Year ceasefire enters into force in Donbass". TASS. 2018年12月29號.
- ↑ "Four DPR servicemen killed in shellings by Ukrainian troops in past week". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 23 October 2018. 喺28 October 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Ukraine conflict: Moscow could 'defend' Russia-backed rebels". BBC新聞. 2021年4月9號.