維基百科

以巴衝突

以巴衝突係一個進行緊嘅軍事同政治衝突，他同時係巴勒斯坦國同以色列喺政治上嘅衝突，亦係猶太人同阿拉伯人之間嘅種族衝突[20][21][22]。

以巴衝突
中東戰爭嘅一部分

截至2023年10月，巴勒斯坦地區嘅實際情況
日期： 1948年 - 依家
地點： 巴勒斯坦地區 (包括以色列、西岸地區、同加沙走廊)
狀態： 發生緊
參戰方
以色列
政權 (巴政以内)：
巴勒斯坦國 法塔赫 (西岸地區)
哈馬斯 (加沙走廊)
傷亡同損失

衝突嘅主要爭議包括：以色列佔領嘅巴勒斯坦領土、以色列喺西岸地區嘅聚居地、耶路撒冷嘅地位、巴勒斯坦人嘅遷徙自由[23]同回歸權、以巴之間嘅邊境管制、同埋有關食水供應嘅權利[24]。

歷史

編輯

喺18世紀尾，錫安主義喺歐洲開始發展，之後亦引致阿利亞運動，令移民嘅猶太人同喺巴勒斯坦地區住嘅阿拉伯人產生衝突[25]。到1917年，英國政府發表貝爾福宣言支持錫安主義，所以喺1920年英屬巴勒斯坦成立之後，繼續有大批嘅猶太人移民。喺呢段時間開始，猶太人同阿拉伯人之間嘅衝突成爲咗家常便飯[26][27]。

喺1947年，聯合國通過咗181號決議，喺巴勒斯坦地區分割猶太國同阿拉伯國。喺猶太人方面，佢哋同意咗份決議，喺1948年5月14號通過以色列獨立宣言，正式立國。喺阿拉伯方面，佢哋拒絕咗份決議，所以引致第一次中東戰爭爆發。戰爭期間，巴勒斯坦人大逃亡發生咗，成爲咗到依家都非常受爭議嘅事件。喺戰後，以色列成功控制咗巴勒斯坦地區大部分範圍，約旦管治咗西岸地區，而埃及就控制咗加沙走廊[28][29]。

到1967年，六日戰爭爆發，以色列控制咗巴勒斯坦地區全地。到依家，以色列仍然控制唔少巴勒斯坦國嘅宣稱國土，而以色列對巴勒斯坦人侵犯嘅人權仍然受國際社會批評[30]。

影響

編輯

以巴衝突由開始已經引致大型嘅平民傷亡。同時，國際社會曾經嘗試過唔同嘅途徑嚟做和談[31][32][33][34]。其中最成功咗係喺1993年嘅《奧斯陸協議》，當中以色列同巴勒斯坦解放組織達成咗初步嘅共識，係化解衝突嘅重要里程碑。

和談一般都係以兩國方案為目標，而呢個概念喺以色列人同巴勒斯坦人之間都相對受歡迎[35][36][37] ，不過喺近年有開始跌嘅跡象[38][39][40]。官方嘅和談通常都係經過4個中間人：聯合國、美國、俄羅斯、同歐盟。除此之外，阿拉伯聯盟亦有時會做呢個角色，例如喺2002年發表嘅阿拉伯和平倡議（英文：Arab Peace Initiative）。

睇埋

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攷

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維基同享有多媒體嘅嘢：
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
  1. ↑ Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. 602-604. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  2. ↑ Jeremy Bowen (2003). Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East. Simon and Schuster, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4711-1475-5. UNRWA put the figure at 413000
  3. ↑ Adam M. Garfinkle (2000). Politics and Society in Modern Israel: Myths and Realities. M.E. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7656-0514-6.
  4. ↑ Laurens, Henry. La Question de Palestine. p. 194.
  5. ↑ Uri Ben-Eliezer, War over Peace: One Hundred Years of Israel's Militaristic Nationalism, University of California Press (2019)
  6. ↑ Nami Nasrallah, 'The First and Second Palestinian intifadas,' in David Newman, Joel Peters (eds.) Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Routledge, 2013, pp. 56–68, p. 56.
  7. ↑ Kober, Avi. "From Blitzkrieg To Attrition: Israel's Attrition Strategy and Staying Power." Small Wars & Insurgencies 16, no. 2 (2005): 216–240.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities". B'Tselem. 原著喺1 July 2010歸檔.
  9. ↑ Casualty Comparison - Palestinian & Israeli casualties since the First Intifada, IMEU, Nov 18, 2012. Accessed Jun 11, 2018.
  10. ↑ "Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the Gaza Strip, before Operation "Cast Lead"".
  11. ↑ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期9 January 2009.
  12. ↑ Lappin, Yaakov (2009). "IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers". The Jerusalem Post. 喺5 January 2024搵到.
  13. ↑ "Confirmed figures reveal the true extent of the destruction inflicted upon the Gaza Strip". 2009. 原著喺12 June 2009歸檔. 喺5 January 2024搵到.
  14. ↑ "Operation Protective Edge, Casualties". 喺28 August 2014搵到.
  15. ↑ "Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1". 2024年3月.
  16. ↑ "2021 was the deadliest year since 2014, Israel killed 319 Palestinians in oPt 5-year record in house demolitions: 895 Palestinians lost their homes". B'Tselem. 喺4 January 2022搵到.
  17. ↑ McCluskey, Mitchell (6 December 2023). "Israel military says 2 civilians killed for every Hamas militant is a 'tremendously positive' ratio given combat challenges". 喺5 January 2024搵到.
  18. ↑ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (6 December 2023). "UN rights chief warns of heightened risk of 'atrocity crimes' in Gaza". 《路透社》 (英文). 喺3 January 2024搵到.
  19. ↑ "Around Half A Million Israelis Displaced Inside Israel: Military". Barron's (美國英文). 法新社. 原先內容歸檔喺19 November 2023. 喺3 January 2024搵到.
  20. ↑ Waxman, Dov (2019). The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0190625337.
  21. ↑ Gelvin, James L. (2021). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: A History (第4版). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9781108771634.
  22. ↑ "A History of Conflict: Introduction". A History of Conflict. BBC. 原先內容歸檔喺20 April 2011. 喺17 December 2008搵到.
  23. ↑ "Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency in the Palestinian Economy" (PDF). 世界銀行. 9 May 2007. 原著 (PDF)喺10 April 2010歸檔. 喺29 March 2010搵到. Currently, freedom of movement and access for Palestinians within the West Bank is the exception rather than the norm contrary to the commitments undertaken in a number of Agreements between GOI and the PA. In particular, both the Oslo Accords and the Road Map were based on the principle that normal Palestinian economic and social life would be unimpeded by restrictions
  24. ↑ "Canadian Policy on Key Issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". 加拿大政府. 原著喺18 February 2018歸檔. 喺13 March 2010搵到.
  25. ↑ Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab–Israeli war. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14524-3.
  26. ↑ "The Roots of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: 1882–1914". 原先內容歸檔喺23 August 2017. 喺22 August 2017搵到.
  27. ↑ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (26 October 2020). Balfour Declaration | History & Impact. 大英百科全書. 原先內容歸檔喺4 May 2015. 喺28 May 2021搵到.
  28. ↑ Ilan Pappe (2007). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-056-0.
  29. ↑ Benny Morris (1999). Righteous Victims. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
  30. ↑ Totten, S. (2017). Last Lectures on the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide. Routledge Studies in Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-315-40976-4. 原先內容歸檔喺31 March 2023. 喺31 March 2023搵到.
  31. ↑ Eran, Oded. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 121.
  32. ↑ Chris Rice 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期6 February 2016., quoted in Munayer Salim J, Loden Lisa, Through My Enemy's Eyes: Envisioning Reconciliation in Israel–Palestine, quote: "The Palestinian-Israeli divide may be the most intractable conflict of our time."
  33. ↑ Virginia Page Fortna 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期31 January 2016., Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace, page 67, "Britain's contradictory promises to Arabs and Jews during World War I sowed the seeds of what would become the international community's most intractable conflict later in the century."
  34. ↑ Falk, Avner (2005-02-17). Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (英文). Terrace Books. ISBN 978-0-299-20253-8.
  35. ↑ Grinberg, Lev Luis (2009-09-10). Politics and Violence in Israel/Palestine: Democracy Versus Military Rule (英文). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-27589-1.
  36. ↑ Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Peace: How the Arab–Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005
  37. ↑ Kurtzer, Daniel; Lasensky, Scott; Organization (2008). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: American Leadership in the Middle East. United States Institute of Peace Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-60127-030-6.
  38. ↑ Dr. William Cubbison (2018). "Two States for Two People? A Long Decline in Support". The Israel Democracy Institute. 原先內容歸檔喺1 August 2022. 喺1 August 2022搵到.
  39. ↑ Lazaroff, Tovah (2021-08-04). "With only 40% support, Israelis still think 2 states best option - poll". The Jerusalem Post. 原先內容歸檔喺1 August 2022. 喺2022-08-01搵到.
  40. ↑ "Public Opinion Poll No (84)". pcpsr.org (英文). Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research. 2022-07-06. 原先內容歸檔喺2 August 2022. 喺2022-08-02搵到.
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