共價半徑
共價半徑,微觀世界半徑一種,用喺共價鍵,符號rcov。共價鍵之中,兩邊原子各有大細。半徑指一邊原子中心計起,佔幾長。若果兩邊同原子,就會各佔一半一半。長度以埃計,符號Å ,亦有以皮米計,符號pm。一埃即一百皮米。
原則上,兩邊共價半徑夾埋,就即兩原子間鍵長。假若原子甲原子乙,甲乙鍵長等如甲共價半徑加乙共會半徑。單鍵、雙鍵、三鍵,都可以有唔同半徑,之不過純粹運作需要。查實半徑並非確實咁長,皆原子大細並非恆常一樣,會跟化學環境而變。好似雜原子咁,當中或有離子因素。極性共價鍵,鍵長又會短過共價半徑之和。表中半徑數值,表示理想值理想值,然而唔同情程之中,都顯示到相當移值性,因而有用。
鍵長可以用X光散射得出。雖則少見,亦有中子散射,射落分子結晶。旋j轉光譜分析議亦度得出鍵長,非常精準。單質分子,祇需鍵長一半就得。如氫氫單鍵,氫鍵長七十四皮米一四,一半得氫共價半徑卅七皮米〇七。咁做得出平均就夠晒用,用喺所有共價鍵身上,個差細到可以唔理。主族有晒非極性表[1],不過劍橋大學,度過種種化合物鍵長,有更齊數據[2][3],咁大多數情況共價半徑表無乜用。
平均半徑
編輯創橋結構資料庫,以廿二萬八次實驗,統計分析鍵長[4] 。碳按混成軌域列出。
H | He | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
31(5) | 28 | |||||||||||||||||
Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||
3 | 4 | 半徑 (標準差) / 皮米 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||||||||||
128(7) | 96(3) | 84(3) | sp3 76(1) sp2 73(2) sp 69(1) |
71(1) | 66(2) | 57(3) | 58 | |||||||||||
Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||
11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||||||||||
166(9) | 141(7) | 121(4) | 111(2) | 107(3) | 105(3) | 102(4) | 106(10) | |||||||||||
K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |
19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | |
203(12) | 176(10) | 170(7) | 160(8) | 153(8) | 139(5) | l.s. 139(5) h.s. 161(8) |
l.s. 132(3) h.s. 152(6) |
l.s. 126(3) h.s. 150(7) |
124(4) | 132(4) | 122(4) | 122(3) | 120(4) | 119(4) | 120(4) | 120(3) | 116(4) | |
Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |
37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | |
220(9) | 195(10) | 190(7) | 175(7) | 164(6) | 154(5) | 147(7) | 146(7) | 142(7) | 139(6) | 145(5) | 144(9) | 142(5) | 139(4) | 139(5) | 138(4) | 139(3) | 140(9) | |
Cs | Ba | * | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
55 | 56 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | |
244(11) | 215(11) | 175(10) | 187(8) | 170(8) | 162(7) | 151(7) | 144(4) | 141(6) | 136(5) | 136(6) | 132(5) | 145(7) | 146(5) | 148(4) | 140(4) | 150 | 150 | |
Fr | Ra | ** | ||||||||||||||||
87 | 88 | |||||||||||||||||
260 | 221(2) | |||||||||||||||||
* | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | ||||
57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | |||||
207(8) | 204(9) | 203(7) | 201(6) | 199 | 198(8) | 198(6) | 196(6) | 194(5) | 192(7) | 192(7) | 189(6) | 190(10) | 187(8) | |||||
** | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | ||||||||||
89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | |||||||||||
215 | 206(6) | 200 | 196(7) | 190(1) | 187(1) | 180(6) | 169(3) |
多鍵半徑
編輯另一種做到一致數值法,就分單鍵、雙鍵同三鍵。共價半徑,正常來講,單鍵長過雙鍵,雙鍵長過三鍵。現時做到去元素一百一十八,即鿫。
H | He | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
32 - - |
46 - - | |||||||||||||||||
Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||
3 | 4 | 半徑 / 皮米: | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||||||||||
133 124 - |
102 90 85 |
單鍵
雙鍵 三鍵 |
85 78 73 |
75 67 60 |
71 60 54 |
63 57 53 |
64 59 53 |
67 96 - | ||||||||||
Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||
11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||||||||||
155 160 - |
139 132 127 |
126 113 111 |
116 107 102 |
111 102 94 |
103 94 95 |
99 95 93 |
96 107 96 | |||||||||||
K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |
19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | |
196 193 - |
171 147 133 |
148 116 114 |
136 117 108 |
134 112 106 |
122 111 103 |
119 105 103 |
116 109 102 |
111 103 96 |
110 101 101 |
112 115 120 |
118 120 - |
124 117 121 |
121 111 114 |
121 114 106 |
116 107 107 |
114 109 110 |
117 121 108 | |
Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |
37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | |
210 202 - |
185 157 139 |
163 130 124 |
154 127 121 |
147 125 116 |
138 121 113 |
128 120 110 |
125 114 103 |
125 110 106 |
120 117 112 |
128 139 137 |
136 144 - |
142 136 146 |
140 130 132 |
140 133 127 |
136 128 121 |
133 129 125 |
131 135 122 | |
Cs | Ba | * | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
55 | 56 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | |
232 209 - |
196 161 149 |
162 131 131 |
152 128 122 |
146 126 119 |
137 120 115 |
131 119 110 |
129 116 109 |
122 115 107 |
123 112 110 |
124 121 123 |
133 142 - |
144 142 150 |
144 135 137 |
151 141 135 |
145 135 129 |
147 138 138 |
142 145 133 | |
Fr | Ra | ** | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
87 | 88 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | |
223 218 - |
201 173 159 |
161 141 - |
157 140 131 |
149 136 126 |
143 128 121 |
141 128 119 |
134 125 118 |
129 125 113 |
128 116 112 |
121 116 118 |
122 137 130 |
136 - - |
143 - - |
162 - - |
175 - - |
165 - - |
157 - - | |
* | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | ||||
57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | |||||
180 139 139 |
163 137 131 |
176 138 128 |
174 137 - |
173 135 - |
172 134 - |
168 134 - |
169 135 132 |
168 135 - |
167 133 - |
166 133 - |
165 133 - |
164 131 - |
170 129 - | |||||
** | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | ||||
89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | |||||
186 153 140 |
175 143 136 |
169 138 129 |
170 134 118 |
171 136 116 |
172 135 - |
166 135 - |
166 136 - |
168 139 - |
168 140 - |
165 140 - |
167 - - |
173 139 - |
176 - - |
參考資料
編輯- ↑ Sanderson, R. T. (1983). "Electronegativity and Bond Energy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (8): 2259–2261. doi:10.1021/ja00346a026.
- ↑ Allen, F. H.; Kennard, O.; Watson, D. G.; Brammer, L.; Orpen, A. G.; Taylor, R. (1987). "Table of Bond Lengths Determined by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction". J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 (12): S1–S19. doi:10.1039/P298700000S1.
- ↑ Orpen, A. Guy; Brammer, Lee; Allen, Frank H.; Kennard, Olga; Watson, David G.; Taylor, Robin (1989). "Supplement. Tables of bond lengths determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Part 2. Organometallic compounds and co-ordination complexes of the d- and f-block metals". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (12): S1. doi:10.1039/DT98900000S1.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beatriz Cordero; Verónica Gómez; Ana E. Platero-Prats; Marc Revés; Jorge Echeverría; Eduard Cremades; Flavia Barragán; Santiago Alvarez (2008). "Covalent radii revisited". Dalton Trans. (21): 2832–2838. doi:10.1039/b801115j. PMID 18478144.
- ↑ P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118". Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (1): 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987. PMID 19058281.
- ↑ P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). "Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li–E112". Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (46): 12770–12779. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472. PMID 19856342.. Figure 3 of this paper contains all radii of refs. [5-7]. The mean-square deviation of each set is 3 pm.
- ↑ P. Pyykkö; S. Riedel; M. Patzschke (2005). "Triple-Bond Covalent Radii". Chemistry: A European Journal. 11 (12): 3511–3520. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299. PMID 15832398.