線條體

線條體（粵拼：sin3 tiu4 tai2 | 英文：striatum / corpus striatum）係喺個腦嘅基底核嘅一柞神經細胞。專管動機相關嘅功能。

同犒賞系統嘅啦掕

腹側線條體，包括伏隔核（NAc）：NAc 由 VTA 收訊號嗰陣會幫手學習新嘅行為，而由前額皮層收訊號嗰陣會幫手引起行為。NAc 喺隻動物做緊有犒賞性嘅行為嗰時會啟動，而且 NAc 零舍會對自然犒賞－指嘢食同性愛等唔使學隻動物都知係犒賞嘅嘢－有強烈嘅多巴胺反應；NAc 仲同上癮嘅現象好有啦掕－喺正常情況下，NAc 嘅多巴胺反應會隨住隻動物一再噉攞到件犒賞而減弱^[1]，但多種嘅毒品都能夠阻止呢種反應減弱，即係個人就算一再噉吸毒品，NAc 嘅多巴胺反應都唔減弱，而呢點俾人話係「對毒品上癮嘅人想係噉一再吸毒」嘅主因之一^[2]^[3]。
背側線條體（DS）：DS 同「學識對件犒賞有反應」零舍有啦掕；當一隻動物持續噉接觸到一件犒賞，NAc 同 DS 之間會產生一個訊號迴圈，令到 NAc 能夠喺件犒賞唔實際存在嘅情境下啟動 DS 嘅反應，簡單講即係話 DS 令個人能夠喺接觸過件犒賞幾次之後，就開始能夠靠喺腦海入面憑空想像件犒賞嚟引起身體嘅「搵犒賞」反應，即係例如一個人，佢食過一味好食嘅餸菜食過幾次，跟住佢變到一諗起味餸菜就開胃，並且因此而會主動噉去搵味餸菜嚟食。因為呢個緣故，DS 俾人指同渴求（craving）好有關係，會搞到一個毒品上癮嘅人因為「係噉喺腦海入面想像件毒品曾經令自己幾咁興奮」而主動想要去搵件毒品^[4]^[5]。

睇埋

引用

↑ Rada, P., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005). Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience, 134(3), 737-744.
↑ Pothos, E., Rada, P., Mark, G. P., & Hoebel, B. G. (1991). Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain research, 566(1-2), 348-350.
↑ Salgado, S., & Kaplitt, M. G. (2015). The nucleus accumbens: a comprehensive review (PDF). Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 93(2), 75-93.
↑ Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2005). Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action–outcome learning in instrumental conditioning. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22(2), 505-512.
↑ Nummenmaa, L., Hirvonen, J., Hannukainen, J. C., Immonen, H., Lindroos, M. M., Salminen, P., & Nuutila, P. (2012). Dorsal striatum and its limbic connectivity mediate abnormal anticipatory reward processing in obesity. PloS one, 7(2), e31089.

[1] Rada, P., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2005). Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience, 134(3), 737-744.

[2] Pothos, E., Rada, P., Mark, G. P., & Hoebel, B. G. (1991). Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain research, 566(1-2), 348-350.

[salgado2015-3] Salgado, S., & Kaplitt, M. G. (2015). The nucleus accumbens: a comprehensive review (PDF). Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 93(2), 75-93.

[4] Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2005). Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action–outcome learning in instrumental conditioning. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22(2), 505-512.

[5] Nummenmaa, L., Hirvonen, J., Hannukainen, J. C., Immonen, H., Lindroos, M. M., Salminen, P., & Nuutila, P. (2012). Dorsal striatum and its limbic connectivity mediate abnormal anticipatory reward processing in obesity. PloS one, 7(2), e31089.

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