維基百科

胡塞運動

胡塞運動 (阿拉伯文：الحوثيون‎，羅馬拼音：al-Ḥūthiyūn)，正式叫做真主虔信者[a] (阿拉伯文：أنصار الله‎，羅馬拼音：ʾAnṣār Allāh，意思係  ｢阿拉嘅支持者｣)，係一個回教什葉派嘅政治同武裝組織，受大部分國家公認係恐怖主義組織。佢哋喺1994年喺也門出現，而佢哋嘅成員主要都係宰德派同埋胡塞部落嘅人[19]。

胡塞運動
阿拉伯文：الحوثيون‎
阿頭Hussein al-Houthi † (1994–2004)
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi (自從 2004年)
活躍時間1994年–依家
活躍地域 也門西部地區
(包括沙地阿拉伯邊界)[1]
意識形態
規模100,000人 (2011年)[15][16]
200,000人 (2020年)[17]
總部薩達（英文：Saada, Yemen） (1994-2014年)
薩那 (自從2014年)

喺1994年，胡塞阿頭 Hussein al-Houthi 批評當時也門總統 Ali Abdullah Saleh 犯咗貪污，同時覺得佢對沙地阿拉伯同美國嘅關係太好[20][21]。喺2003年，受黎巴嫩真主黨嘅影響，胡塞運動都用咗類似嘅口號，針對美國、以色列、同猶太人[22]。胡塞阿頭喺2004年俾也門軍隊殺咗，所以發動咗胡塞嘅叛亂[23][24]。由當時開始到依家，胡塞嘅阿頭係前阿頭嘅細佬 Abdul-Malik al-Houthi[23]。

喺2011年，胡塞運動同其他反對派組織，一齊參與咗也門革命（英文：Yemeni Revolution）。佢哋曾經同也門政府開過會，但係冇簽到份和解協議[25][26]。喺2014年，胡塞同總統 Saleh 同意幫胡塞組織控制也門首都薩那。之後，沙地阿拉伯發動軍事行動，希望恢復返也門政府嘅控制，造成也門內戰（英文：Yemeni civil war (2014–present)）[27][28][29]。

喺2023年以色列-哈馬斯戰爭爆發之後，胡塞武裝對紅海對出嘅以色列船發射導彈。佢哋聲稱係為咗支持巴勒斯坦人同埋俾人道援助能夠入加沙地帶[30][31]。

喺也門國内，胡塞組織利用經濟發展嚟吸引人民嘅支持。除此之外，佢哋亦要求宰德派信徒平等[26]、完全控制也門、同埋支持國外其他針對美國、以色列、同沙地阿拉伯嘅運動[32]。對於國内嘅遜尼派信徒，胡塞有曾經排擠過佢哋，但係亦有招募過佢哋[33][8][25]。因爲胡塞運動嘅意識形態，佢哋喺也門内戰嘅參與，一般都被認爲係伊沙代理衝突（英文：Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict）嘅一部分[34]。

睇埋

編輯

註

編輯
  1. ↑ 運動拒絕“胡塞”呢個名[18]

攷

編輯
  1. ↑ "Infographic: Yemen's war explained in maps and charts". Al Jazeera. 喺9 Feb 2022搵到.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mohammed Almahfali, James Root (2020-02-13). "How Iran's Islamic Revolution Does, and Does Not, Influence Houthi Rule in Northern Yemen". Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies (英文). 喺2023-04-04搵到.
  3. ↑ The World Almanac of Islamism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 27 October 2011. ISBN 9781442207158. 原先內容歸檔喺17 January 2023. 喺6 November 2021搵到.
  4. ↑ "The Islamist philosophy 'Qutbism' could be entering America's national security vernacular". The Hill. 19 December 2017. 原先內容歸檔喺17 August 2021. 喺19 December 2017搵到. McMaster's Qutbism comments are occurring simultaneously with U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Halley's proof of Iranian support for Houthi missiles. The timing of the Trump administration's push connects the dots between Iran, Houthis and Qutabists supported by Turkey and Qatar.
  5. ↑ "Houthis". Sabwa Center. 7 October 2022. 喺18 September 2023搵到.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cameron Glenn (29 May 2018). "Who are Yemen's Houthis?". Wilson Center. 原先內容歸檔喺20 April 2019. 喺20 April 2019搵到.
  7. ↑ Asher Orkaby (25 March 2015). "Houthi Who? A History of Unlikely Alliances in an Uncertain Yemen". Foreign Affairs. 原先內容歸檔喺12 August 2019. 喺20 April 2019搵到.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Yemen: Treatment of Sunni Muslims by Houthis in areas under Houthi control (2014 – September 2017)". Refworld. 聯合國難民署. 原先內容歸檔喺2019-06-17. 喺2019-06-07搵到.
  9. ↑ "Houthis revive Shiite festivals to strengthen grip on north". Al-Monitor. 8 August 2021. 原先內容歸檔喺15 August 2021. Since the Houthi seizure of Sanaa in 2014, the group has brought new sectarian pressure to Yemen's north, forcing both Shiites and Sunnis to observe Shiite customs
  10. ↑ MAYSAA SHUJA AL-DEEN. "Yemen's War-torn Rivalries for Religious Education". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 喺7 June 2021搵到.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Plotter, Alex (4 June 2015). "Yemen in crisis". Esquire. 原先內容歸檔喺23 July 2018. 喺5 September 2015搵到.
  12. ↑ "Why Washington May Side With Yemen's New anti-American Rulers". Haaretz. 原先內容歸檔喺2 May 2022. 喺13 March 2022搵到.
  13. ↑ "Yemeni embassy in DC condemns 'anti-American', 'anti-Semitic' Houthi ceremony". english.alarabiya.net. 7 November 2020. 原先內容歸檔喺2 May 2022. 喺13 March 2022搵到.
  14. ↑ "Persecution Defines Life for Yemen's Remaining Jews". 《紐約時報》. 19 February 2015. 原先內容歸檔喺15 October 2016. 喺22 February 2017搵到.
  15. ↑ Almasmari, Hakim. "Medics: Militants raid Yemen town, killing dozens". 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期29 November 2011., CNN, 27 November 2011.
  16. ↑ Houthis Kill 24 in North Yemen 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期19 October 2017., 27 November 2011.
  17. ↑ "The myth of stability: Infighting and repression in Houthi-controlled territories". OCHA. 10 February 2021. 喺10 February 2021搵到.
  18. ↑ "Do not call the Ansar Allah movement 'Houthi'!". IWN (美國英文). 23 April 2021. 原先內容歸檔喺2 September 2021. 喺2021-09-02搵到.
  19. ↑ Hoffman, Valerie J. (28 February 2019). Making the New Middle East: Politics, Culture, and Human Rights. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815654575. 原先內容歸檔喺17 January 2023. 喺18 September 2019搵到 –透過Google Books.
  20. ↑ "Yemeni forces kill rebel cleric". BBC News. 10 September 2004. 原先內容歸檔喺21 November 2006.
  21. ↑ Streuly, Dick (12 February 2015). "5 Things to Know About the Houthis of Yemen". Wall Street Journal. 原先內容歸檔喺12 June 2018. 喺2018-07-04搵到.
  22. ↑ "Houthi propaganda: following in Hizbullah's footsteps". alaraby. 原先內容歸檔喺18 October 2016. 喺15 October 2016搵到.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate – analysis". IRIN. 24 July 2008. 原先內容歸檔喺4 December 2014. 喺29 November 2014搵到.
  24. ↑ "Debunking Media Myths About the Houthis in War-Torn Yemen · Global Voices". GlobalVoices.org. 1 April 2015. 原先內容歸檔喺1 September 2017. 喺1 January 2018搵到.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Ahmed Nagi (19 March 2019). "Yemen's Houthis Used Multiple Identities to Advance". Carnegie Middle East Center. 原先內容歸檔喺27 May 2022. 喺12 February 2021搵到.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Juneau, Thomas (May 2016). "Iran's policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: a limited return on a modest investment". International Affairs. 92 (3): 647–663. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12599.
  27. ↑ "Yemen". Human Rights Watch. 原先內容歸檔喺23 April 2017. 喺15 October 2016搵到.
  28. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis form own government in Sanaa". Al Jazeera. 6 February 2015. 原先內容歸檔喺2 July 2018. 喺7 February 2015搵到.
  29. ↑ Islam Hassan (31 March 2015). "GCC's 2014 Crisis: Causes, Issues and Solutions". Gulf Cooperation Council's Challenges and Prospects. Al Jazeera Research Center. 原先內容歸檔喺4 September 2015. 喺4 June 2015搵到.
  30. ↑ "US warship intercepts missiles fired from Yemen 'potentially towards Israel'". 《BBC新聞》 (英國英文). 20 October 2023. 喺31 October 2023搵到.
  31. ↑ "Who are the Houthis, the group attacking ships in the Red Sea?". 《經濟學人》. 2023-12-12. 喺2024-01-02搵到.
  32. ↑ "Rebel Governance: Ansar Allah in Yemen and the Democratic Union Party in Syria" (PDF). Peace Research Institute Oslo. PRIO. 2022. 原著 (PDF)喺2023年4月14號歸檔. 喺2024年3月7號搵到.
  33. ↑ "Yemen crisis: Who is fighting whom?". BBC News. 2018. 原先內容歸檔喺10 July 2018. 喺2018-07-05搵到.
  34. ↑ Agence France-Presse (23 October 2019). "Yemeni government, separatists seen inking deal to end Aden standoff". Euronews. 原先內容歸檔喺23 October 2019. 喺25 October 2019搵到.
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