音階粵拼jam1 gaai1英文scale),喺現時嘅音樂理論,係指一系列特定音程嘅特定排列方法[1]。呢種特定排列通常夾埋啱啱係一個八度,之後就重覆;喺傳統西方音樂,音階可以粗略分做大調音階同小調音階兩大類,都係由七個音程組成,另外亦有所謂半音音階,由十二個半音組成。


\layout { line-width = #72 ragged-last = ##f
	\context { \Score
		\override SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #1/2
		\remove System_start_delimiter_engraver
	}
}
<<
	\new Staff \with {
		\remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver
	} {
        \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = 0.0
        \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = 0.0
		\new Voice \with {
			\consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver
			\override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP
			\override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.8
		} \transpose c c' {
			c4	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			d	\stopGroup
			e	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup
			f	\stopGroup
			g	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			a	\stopGroup
			b	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup
			c'1	\stopGroup
		}
	}
	\new Staff \with {
		\remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver
		\remove Key_engraver \remove Clef_engraver
		\override StaffSymbol.line-count = 0
	} {
		\new Voice \with {
			\consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver
			\override HorizontalBracket.direction = #DOWN
			\override HorizontalBracket.shorten-pair = #'(0 . 1)
			\override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.9
		} \transpose c c' {
			\hideNotes
			c4
			d	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			e	\stopGroup
			f	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			g	\stopGroup
			a	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			b	\stopGroup
			c'1	
		}
	}
>>
大調嘅特定音程排列係全音、全音、半音、全音、全音、全音、半音;由 C 音開始咁排,得出 C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C,叫 C 大調。

\layout { line-width = #72 ragged-last = ##f
	\context { \Score
		\override SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #1/2
		\remove System_start_delimiter_engraver
	}
}
<<
	\new Staff \with {
		\remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver
	} {
		% 兩個聲部啲音完全冇分別,只係括弧唔同,咁做係夾硬嚟,唔係做唔到,呢個係 LilyPond 嘅限制
		\new Voice \with {
			\override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP
			\override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.8
			\consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver
		} \transpose a, c' {
			\key a \minor
			<>^\markup \right-align { "上行形:" }
			a,4	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			b,	\stopGroup
			c	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			d	\stopGroup
			e	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			fis	\stopGroup
			gis	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup
			a2.	\stopGroup\break
%			\key a \minor
			<>^\markup \right-align { " 下行形:" }
			a4	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			g	\stopGroup
			f	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup
			e	\stopGroup
			d	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			c	\stopGroup
			b,	-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			a,1	\stopGroup
		}
	}
	\new Staff \with {
		\remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver
		\remove Key_engraver \remove Clef_engraver
		\override StaffSymbol.line-count = 0
	} {
        \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = 0.0
        \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = 0.0
		\new Voice \with {
			\consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver
			\override HorizontalBracket.direction = #DOWN
			\override HorizontalBracket.shorten-pair = #'(0 . 1)
			\override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.9
		} \transpose a, c' {
			\hideNotes
			\key a \minor
			a,4
			b,	\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup
			c	\stopGroup
			d	\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			e	\stopGroup
			fis	\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			gis	\stopGroup
			a2.	\break
			a4
			g	\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			f	\stopGroup
			e	\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup
			d	\stopGroup
			c	\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup
			b,	\stopGroup
			a,1	
		}
	}
>>
西樂嘅旋律小調,上行形同下行形唔同樣,夾埋其實有九個音,但係仍然都係算係七聲音階。

由任何一個開始,按住音階入面嘅特定音程順序行,就會得出一系列嘅其他音,計埋第一個音,呢一系列嘅音亦係叫音階。數一個音階有幾多個音,會計埋第一個,但係通常唔計最後重覆咗嗰個,例如,由 C 音開始,按住大調嘅特定音程,順序得出 D、E、F、G、A、B、C,但係得出嚟嘅 C 大調算係有七個音,唔係八個。

音階可以上去同落返嚟唔同樣,上去個樣叫上行形[註 1],落返嚟個樣叫下行形[註 1]。例如,日本嘅陰旋法上行形有五個音,下行形有唔同嘅五個音,夾埋其實有六個唔同嘅音,但係佢都係叫五聲音階[2]

音階嘅概念對於玩音樂嘅人嚟講相當有用,例如啲樂曲和弦進行起上嚟往往都會係(最少大致)喺同一段音階裏面行進嘅,如果彈緊鋼琴嗰個人知道跟住落嚟嗰段係 C 大調,佢可以臨要彈嗰段嘢之前事先將自己隻手移去 C 大調嗰啲 key 嘅位嗰度,等自己能夠更快噉對跟住要彈嘅音符做適當嘅反應[3]

睇埋

編輯
  1. 1.0 1.1 譯名見:Chi 2017

書目

編輯
  • Chi, Kennedy (2017年10月15號)。本五聲音階。喺2024年10月28號搵到
  • Michelmore, Guy (2020年2月25號). Music Theory in 16 Minutes (短片) (英國英文). 喺2024年10月30號搵到.