創發
創發呢個諗頭喺有關複雜系統嘅科學領域上好重要。例如係生命噉，生命具有好多創發性嘅特性，例如係曉繁殖同進化，而呢啲特性係 DNA 嘅組成粒子唔具有嘅，而呢個事實亦都意味住，齋靠物理學同化學研究生命嘅物理化學特性唔能夠完全噉了解生命－所以生物學呢個領域就有必要存在[3]。
概論 改
- 化學：化學物質都係由元素組成嘅；例如水嘅化學成份係 H2O，即係一氧化二氫，每粒水分子由兩粒氫原子（H）同一粒氧原子（O）組成，水喺正常溫度同壓力下處於液體狀態（事物嘅特性），而呢種特性係氫同氧都冇嘅（氫同氧喺正常溫度壓力下會呈氣體狀態；組成部份嘅特性）－水具有最少一樣「氫同氧唔具有嘅特性」，而且呢樣特性源於氫原子同氧原子之間嘅互動；噉就表示，齋靠思考氫同氧嘅特性唔能夠達致預測到水嘅特性。
- 生物學：動物學上有觀察到群動（flocking）嘅現象，指當一大拃嘅動物個體一齊郁嗰時，每隻都會按周圍啲同伴嘅位置決定「跟住落嚟要點郁」，同時佢身邊嘅同伴又會用同樣嘅方法決定要點郁，最後成班動物一齊郁（個體之間嘅互動），形成個整體上嘅姿態（整體特性）－例子可以睇吓昆蟲、魚類同雀鳥成群一齊游或者飛嗰陣，成個群會形成有規律嘅形狀[4]。
- 社會學：個體人（組成部份）之間嘅互動會形成各種社會現象（整體特性），例如响一座城市入面，每個人都會各自噉對「想搬去邊度住」做決策，每個人嘅決策取決於佢嘅入息同喜好等多個因素；跟住隨住時間過去，佢哋之間會互動－例如有兩個人爭買某間屋，或者兩個人爭同一份工，爭贏嗰個就入息提升可以去買或者租自己想要嘅住宅；如是者，最後成座城市形成咗個樓市局勢，呢個局勢都係個體人冇嘅特性，而且源自啲人之間嘅互動[5][6]。
- 可以睇埋生命棋（Game of Life）呢種出名嘅運算模型。
對於創發呢樣嘢，有物理學家就响 1972 年撰文噉講[7][8]：
| 「 | 英文原文："At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts."
粵文翻譯：喺每層複雜度，全新嘅特性都會出現。心理學唔係應用生物學（解：人由細胞組成，但人嘅行為唔可以齋靠對細胞嘅理解預測），生物學亦唔係應用化學（解：生物由粒子組成，但生物嘅行為唔可以齋靠對粒子嘅理解預測）。而家我哋可以見到整體唔淨只變得（啲嘢）多咗，仲變到有異於佢啲組成部份加埋。 |
」 |
強弱 改
有學者指，創發仲可以細分做兩種－弱創發（weak emergence）同強創發（strong emergence），弱創發係指創發出嚟嗰樣特性係可以由啲組成部份嘅特性解釋嘅，而強創發係指創發出嚟嗰樣特性係冇得由啲組成部份嘅特性嚟解釋[9]。
弱創發嘅概念承認到理論上有啲解釋途徑係由組成部份出發嘅，但可能實際上喺有意義嘅時間或者能源消耗下係好難攞嘢去計出；強創發直指呢種解釋途徑係嘸存在。
順帶一提，有學者覺得呢種分法係多餘。
睇埋 改
參考 改
- Corning, Peter A., The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory (PDF), Complexity, 2002, 7 (6): 18–30,
攷 改
- ↑ O'Connor, Timothy; Wong, Hong Yu (February 28, 2012). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "Emergent Properties". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition).
- ↑ Aristotle, Metaphysics (Aristotle), Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.
- ↑ Huxley, Julian S.; Huxley, Thomas Henry, Evolution and Ethics: 1893-1943, London: The Pilot Press: 120, 1947.
- ↑ O'Loan, OJ; Evans, MR (1999). "Alternating steady state in one-dimensional flocking". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. IOP Publishing. 32 (8): L99.
- ↑ Batty, Michael (2005), Cities and Complexity, MIT Press.
- ↑ Waddell, P. (1993). Exogenous workplace choice in residential location models: is the assumption valid?. Geographical Analysis, 25(1), 65-82.
- ↑ Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science", Science, 177 (4047): 393-396.
- ↑ Koestler, Arthur (1969), A. Koestler; J. R. Smythies (eds.), Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences, London: Hutchinson.
- ↑ Bedau, Mark A. (1997), Weak Emergence (PDF).
拎 改
- ISCE group: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
- Towards modeling of emergence: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology.
- Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction.
- Studies in Emergent Order: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal.
- Emergence.
- Emergence – How Stupid Things Become Smart Together – YouTube video by Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell.
- DIEP: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena.