創發
創發（粵拼：cong3 faat3；英文：emergence），粵文當中又有叫湧現、突發、或者呈現，喺科學同哲學上係指一種現象，指一樣由好多部份組成嘅事物具有一啲佢組成部份冇嘅特性。好似係水噉，水喺化學上由氫（hydrogen）同氧（oxygen）呢兩種化學元素組成，水喺正常溫度同壓力下處於液體狀態，而呢種特性係氫同氧都冇嘅（氫同氧喺正常溫度壓力下會呈氣體狀態）－水具有最少一樣「氫同氧唔具有嘅特性」[1][2]。
水分子曉變成雪花，呢樣嘢氫同氧做唔到。
創發呢個諗頭喺有關複雜系統嘅科學領域上好重要。例如係生命噉，生命具有好多創發性嘅特性，例如係曉繁殖同進化，而呢啲特性係 DNA 嘅組成粒子唔具有嘅，而呢個事實亦都意味住，齋靠物理學同化學研究生命嘅物理化學特性唔能夠完全噉了解生命－所以生物學呢個領域就有必要存在[3]。
強定弱改
有學者指，創發仲可以細分做兩種－弱創發（weak emergence）同強創發（strong emergence），弱創發係指創發出嚟嗰樣特性係可以由啲組成部份嘅特性解釋嘅，而強創發係指創發出嚟嗰樣特性係冇得由啲組成部份嘅特性嚟解釋[4]。
弱創發嘅概念承認到理論上有啲解釋途徑係由組成部份出發嘅，但可能實際上喺有意義嘅時間或者能源消耗下係好難攞嘢去計出；強創發直指呢種解釋途徑係嘸存在。
順帶一提，有學者覺得呢種分法係多餘。
睇埋改
參考改
- Corning, Peter A., The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory (PDF), Complexity, 2002, 7 (6): 18–30,
攷改
- ↑ O'Connor, Timothy; Wong, Hong Yu (February 28, 2012). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "Emergent Properties". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition).
- ↑ Aristotle, Metaphysics (Aristotle), Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.
- ↑ Huxley, Julian S.; Huxley, Thomas Henry, Evolution and Ethics: 1893-1943, London: The Pilot Press: 120, 1947.
- ↑ Bedau, Mark A. (1997), Weak Emergence (PDF).
拎改
- ISCE group: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
- Towards modeling of emergence: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology.
- Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction.
- Studies in Emergent Order: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal.
- Emergence.
- Emergence – How Stupid Things Become Smart Together – YouTube video by Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell.
- DIEP: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena.