標記詞

標記詞biu1 gei3 ci4（marker，粵拼：maak1 kaa2*4）係文法上嘅一個概念。

有唔少語言都會用 maak1 kaa4 嚟嘜maak1低「呢隻呢隻字屬邊款文法格」。首先，可以想像以下呢啲廣東話句子^[1]^[2]^:1.3：

... 將...	... 呢，...
我將粒魚蛋食咗落肚。	粒魚蛋呢，我食咗落肚喇。
我將道門閂埋咗。	道門呢，我閂埋咗喇。
我將部電腦修理返好。	部電腦呢，我修理返好喇。

喺最頂嗰行「魚蛋」嘅例句當中，兩句句子都係成名詞-名詞-動詞噉嘅基本結構，當中一句係我帶頭粒魚蛋跟住，另外嗰句係粒魚蛋帶頭我跟住，但喺廿一世紀初嘅廣東話入面，兩者都成功表達到「食嘢嘅係我，被食嘅係粒魚蛋」噉嘅意思。淨低啲例句都係同一道理。噉係因為將同呢扮演咗 maak1 kaa4 噉嘅作用－根據廣東話嘅慣例^[1]，

如果一句句子成名詞 1-將-名詞 2-動詞噉嘅結構，名詞 1 係 S 而名詞 2 係 O；而
如果一句句子成名詞 1-呢，-名詞 2-動詞噉嘅結構，名詞 2 係 S 而名詞 1 係 O；

所以聽或者睇句子嘅人，能夠輕易噉得知邊隻字係 S 邊隻字係 O。

好似「將」同「呢，」噉「掕住隻字，表示嗰隻字嘅文法功能係乜」嘅形態素，就係所謂嘅 maak1 kaa4 ^[3]。而雖然呢度用咗廣東話做例子，但會用 maak1 kaa4 嘅語言，遠遠唔淨只有廣東話，好似係標準官話、客家話^[4]、韓國話、日本話同南美嘅奇楚華話... 等嘅好多語言，都有用到 maak1 kaa4 或者類似嘅嘢。

睇埋

攷

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Chappell, H., & Lan, L. (2016). Mandarin and other Sinitic languages (PDF). The Routledge encyclopedia of the Chinese language.
↑ Song, Y., & Lai, R. K. (2021). Syntactic representations encode grammatical functions: evidence from the priming of mapping between grammatical functions and thematic roles in Cantonese. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(10), 1329-1342.
↑ Edith A. Moravcsik (2009). [The distribution of case] (PDF). In Andrej Malchukov and Andrew Spencer (eds.) The Oxford handbook of case. 231-245. Oxford University Press.
↑ Lai, H. L. (2001). On Hakka BUN: A case of polygrammaticalization. Language and Linguistics, 2(2), 137-153.

[chap16-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Chappell, H., & Lan, L. (2016). Mandarin and other Sinitic languages (PDF). The Routledge encyclopedia of the Chinese language.

[2] Song, Y., & Lai, R. K. (2021). Syntactic representations encode grammatical functions: evidence from the priming of mapping between grammatical functions and thematic roles in Cantonese. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(10), 1329-1342.

[3] Edith A. Moravcsik (2009). [The distribution of case] (PDF). In Andrej Malchukov and Andrew Spencer (eds.) The Oxford handbook of case. 231-245. Oxford University Press.

[4] Lai, H. L. (2001). On Hakka BUN: A case of polygrammaticalization. Language and Linguistics, 2(2), 137-153.

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