生產
(由生產者跳轉過嚟)
生產(粵拼:sang1 caan2;英文:production)喺經濟學上係指透過結合唔同嘅物質(例:原材料)以及非物質(例:精神時間)輸入,嚟到製作出一啲可以用嚟消費-滿足到某啲人嘅慾望(有經濟價值)-嘅輸出嘅過程。舉幾個例說明[1][2]:
- 一間工廠嘅工人結合各種原材料加埋自己精神時間,最後製作出若干架汽車,而呢啲汽車可以滿足人(想要唔使吓吓去邊都行路)嘅慾望,消費者會願意為咗得到汽車付出資源(「資源」包括咗錢)。
- 一班工人結合水泥等嘅各種原材料加埋自己精神時間,製作出一棟住得人嘅建築物,而呢棟建築物可以滿足人(想要有瓦遮頭等)嘅慾望,消費者會願意為咗得到呢棟建築物而付出錢等嘅資源,令建築人員有利可圖。
- 一班人員喺度拍影片,最後製作出一段有吸引力嘅影片,而呢段影片可以(例如)上載去 YouTube,滿足觀眾(想要有娛樂)以及贊助商(想喺多人睇嘅影片嗰度落廣告)嘅慾望,所以觀眾會願意付出時間精神睇段片,而贊助商會肯俾錢要影片擁有者落廣告。
生產係經濟活動同增長嘅基礎。生產嘅目的係要滿足人嘅各種慾望,而生產所出嘅產品有幾能夠滿足慾望就往往係「經濟好唔好」嘅重要指標;有效率嘅生產能夠令人有效率噉滿衣食住行等嘅基本需要,變相令佢哋得閒諗(例如)點樣改善科技,而科技上嘅進步往往會提高生產效率-如是者,經濟就會係噉增長[3]。
三大產業
編輯一個社會嘅生產可以分三大層[4]:
經濟概念
編輯睇埋:供應同需求
睇埋
編輯文獻
編輯- Courbois, R.; Temple, P. (1975). La methode des "Comptes de surplus" et ses applications macroeconomiques. 160 des Collect, INSEE,Serie C (35). p. 100.
- Craig, C.; Harris, R. (1973). "Total Productivity Measurement at the Firm Level". Sloan Management Review (Spring 1973): 13–28.
- Genesca, G.E.; Grifell, T. E. (1992). "Profits and Total Factor Productivity: A Comparative Analysis". Omega. the International Journal of Management Science. 20 (5/6): 553–568. doi:10.1016/0305-0483(92)90002-O.
- Gollop, F.M. (1979). "Accounting for Intermediate Input: The Link Between Sectoral and Aggregate Measures of Productivity Growth". Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity. National Academy of Sciences.
- Hulten, C. R. (January 2000). "Total Factor Productivity: A Short Biography". NBER Working Paper No. 7471. doi:10.3386/w7471.
- Hulten, C. R. (September 2009). "Growth Accounting". NBER Working Paper No. 15341. doi:10.3386/w15341.
- Kurosawa, K (1975). "An aggregate index for the analysis of productivity". Omega. 3 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1016/0305-0483(75)90115-2.
- Loggerenberg van, B.; Cucchiaro, S. (1982). "Productivity Measurement and the Bottom Line". National Productivity Review. 1 (1): 87–99. doi:10.1002/npr.4040010111.
- Pineda, A. (1990). A Multiple Case Study Research to Determine and respond to Management Information Need Using Total-Factor Productivity Measurement (TFPM). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
- Riistama, K.; Jyrkkiö E. (1971). Operatiivinen laskentatoimi (Operative accounting). Weilin + Göös. p. 335.
- Saari, S. (2006a). Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business. Productivity Handbook (In Finnish). MIDO OY. p. 272.
- Saari, S. (2011). Production and Productivity as Sources of Well-being. MIDO OY. p. 25.
- Saari, S. (2006). Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business (PDF). Espoo, Finland: European Productivity Conference.
- Sickles, R., and Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
引咗
編輯- ↑ "Kotler", P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006) Marketing, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.
- ↑ Sickles, R., & Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Mowery, D. C., & Rosenberg, N. (1991). Technology and the pursuit of economic growth. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fisher, A. G. (1939). Production, primary, secondary and tertiary. Economic record, 15(1), 24-38.
拎
編輯- Elmer G. Wiens: Production Functions - Models of the Cobb-Douglas, C.E.S., Trans-Log, and Diewert Production Functions.