社會生物學

社會生物學（粵拼：se5 wui2 sang1 mat6 hok6；英文：sociobiology）可以話係生物學同社會學嘅一個結合領域。社會生物學研究專門用進化論同相關嘅生物學概念嚟剖析唔同動物物種嘅社會行為（指同一個物種唔同個體之間喺行為上嘅互動），並且將呢啲分析用落去社會學等嘅社科領域嗰度，用嚟解釋人類嘅社會行為同埋呢啲行為點樣引起社會現象^[1]^[2]。

包括狒狒（上圖）在內嘅多種動物都會同伴之間互相幫對方修整儀容。

背景概念

舉個例說明，社交梳理係一種好出名嘅動物社會行為，指一種有社會性嘅動物物種（好似係狒狒）唔同個體之間彼此幫對方梳理對方嘅儀容，例如想像一隻狒狒背脊上面有笪毛皮污糟咗，笪嘢因為係黐咗喺背脊度，佢隻手掂唔到，於是佢嘅同伴就郁手幫佢梳走笪污糟嘢；由進化論嘅角度睇，

幫同伴做梳理有助自己改善同周圍同伴嘅關係（有益）
而且幫同伴梳理通常唔係咁嘥時間精神，唔會對自己造成明顯嘅負面影響（低成本），

所以呢種行為能夠幫隻動物個體提升自己生存繁殖能力，於是就成功通過物競天擇嘅考驗流傳咗落嚟（進化論解釋動物嘅社會行為）^[3]^[4]。同時呢樣嘢喺人身上都成立：原則上，對人嚟講，「幫同伴執靚儀容」呢種行為又係唔使嘥好多時間精神就做到維持同伴之間嘅關係，而事實係人都成日會用梳頭同化妝等嘅方法嚟幫同伴執靚幅儀容^[5]－對社會行為嘅進化論分析同時適用於人類社會現象同第啲動物身上。

除咗社交梳理之外，有好多社會行為都係「喺人同第啲動物身上都見到」嘅，例子有求偶^[6]、霸地盤^[7]同埋成群打獵^[8]呀噉。到咗廿一世紀初，社會生物學經已取得咗相當嘅成功，成為咗現代生物學同社會學上嘅一套重要理論^[1]。

爭議

社會生物學嘅廣泛應用亦都引起過一啲爭議，例如如果人嘅社會行為可以由進化（進化係一個物種嘅遺傳特性隨時間嘅演變）解釋，就表示人嘅社會行為最少有一部份係天生嘅，而「行為係咪天生嘅」呢條問題喺廿世紀不嬲都廣受爭議^[9]。

睇埋

攷

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Wilson, E. O. (2000). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press.
↑ Barash, D. P. (1977). Sociobiology and behavior. Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA.
↑ Henazi S.P., Barrett L. (January 1999). "The value of grooming to female primates". Primates; Journal of Primatology. 40 (1): 47–59.
↑ de Waal F. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
↑ Dunbar, R. I. (2010). The social role of touch in humans and primates: behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2), 260-268.
↑ Kleiman, Devra G (1977). "Monogamy in Mammals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 52 (1): 39–69.
↑ Partecke, J.; von Haeseler, A.; Wikelski, M. (2002). "Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51 (6): 579–587.
↑ Bshary R.; Hohner A.; Ait-el-Djoudi K.; Fricke H. (2006). "Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. 4 (12): 431.
↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. p. Introduction to the Revised Edition.

拎

Sociobiology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

[wilson2000-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Wilson, E. O. (2000). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press.

[2] Barash, D. P. (1977). Sociobiology and behavior. Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA.

[3] Henazi S.P., Barrett L. (January 1999). "The value of grooming to female primates". Primates; Journal of Primatology. 40 (1): 47–59.

[4] Waal F. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[5] Dunbar, R. I. (2010). The social role of touch in humans and primates: behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2), 260-268.

[6] Kleiman, Devra G (1977). "Monogamy in Mammals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 52 (1): 39–69.

[7] Partecke, J.; von Haeseler, A.; Wikelski, M. (2002). "Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51 (6): 579–587.

[8] Bshary R.; Hohner A.; Ait-el-Djoudi K.; Fricke H. (2006). "Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. 4 (12): 431.

[9] Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. p. Introduction to the Revised Edition.

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