六日戰爭
六日戰爭 (希伯來文:מִלְחֶמֶת שֵׁשֶׁת הַיָּמִים,羅馬拼音:Milḥemet Šešet HaYamim;阿拉伯文:النكسة,羅馬拼音:an-Naksah,直譯 「挫敗」),又可以叫做第三次中東戰爭,係一次以色列同埋阿拉伯國家之間,喺1967年6月打過嘅一場仗。
六日戰爭 | |||||||||||
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中東戰爭嘅一部分 | |||||||||||
打仗地圖(上)、以色列軍隊(下) |
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參戰方 | |||||||||||
以色列 | 埃及 敘利亞 約旦 伊拉克[2] 幫小小: 黎巴嫩[3] |
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指揮官同領導者 | |||||||||||
艾希科爾 達楊 拉賓 | 納薩 阿梅爾 阿塔西 侯賽因一世 阿里夫 |
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兵力 | |||||||||||
以色列: 26.4萬人[4] 250[5]–300架戰鬥機[6] 800架坦克[7] | 總共: 46.5萬人[8] 800架飛機[8] 2,504架坦克[7] |
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傷亡同損失 | |||||||||||
以色列: 776–983死[9][10] 4,517傷 15做戰俘[9] 400架坦克[11] 46架飛機 | 總共: 11,496–18,200死傷 5,238–5,462成為戰俘[12] 埃及:9,800–15,000人[13][14]; 敘利亞:1,000–2,500人[15][16][17]; 約旦:696–700人[9][18][19][20] 幾百架坦克 452+架飛機 |
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15位聯合國人員死[21] 20位以色列平民死、1000+位傷[22] 34位美國維和軍人死[23] 17位蘇聯軍人死 (聲稱)[24] 41.3萬位巴勒斯坦人變做流離失所[25] |
歷史
編輯背景
編輯中東國家自從喺第一次中東戰爭之後簽過1949年停火協議之後,衝突一直都冇走過。喺1956年,地區嘅衝突曾經搞到過蘇彝士運河危機。當時,以色列同埃及因為行船嘅問題而爆發過場仗。之後,聯合國喺嗰度派咗維和部隊嚟看住情況,避免大家再嚟過[26]。不過,大家到1966年又開始出問題。
喺1966年11月,巴勒斯坦解放組織曾經對過以色列嘅軍人放地雷,搞到3個人死[27]。之後,以色列軍隊就攻擊咗約旦控制嘅西岸地區嘅薩姆鎮做報復[28]。事後,聯合國大會通過咗決議批評以色列嘅做法,全部常任理事國都一致投咗票同意[29]。同時,約旦嚴埃及縮骨得濟,話佢哋係「匿埋喺聯合國嘅褲浪底」度[30]。
到1967年4月,以色列繼續講明佢嘅立場:埃及如果再好似蘇彝士運河危機嗰陣咁,封鎖以色列喺蒂蘭海峽嘅行船,就會係打仗理由。不過到5月尾,埃及總統納薩照封,同時開始軍隊嘅動員,又趕走哂啲聯合國嘅人[31][21],似乎準備打仗[32]。
打仗
編輯喺1967年6月5號,喺聯合國嘅人員走緊嘅時候,以色列開始咗先發制人戰,用飛彈打中咗埃及嘅好多軍事基地同物資,六日戰爭正式爆發[21]。埃及嘅軍隊似乎畀呢次襲擊嚇到甩哂轆,因為佢好多嘅軍事設備都已經炸咗,而以色列就一路都有制空權。同時間,以色列喺陸地發動入侵,打入埃及控制嘅加沙走廊同埋西奈半島。經過一啲内部阻力之後,埃及總統納薩屙打全部軍事人員同裝備由個半島度撤退。到6日之後,以色列已經完全控制哂成個半島[33]。喺開戰之前一個禮拜,雖然約旦同埃及簽咗軍事協議,不過就冇好重手咁打以色列,只係攻擊下,希望拖慢以色列嘅進度[34]。到第5日,敘利亞亦加入咗場仗,有份炸下以色列北面嘅軍事裝備[35]。
喺6月8號,埃及同約旦已經肯停火,而敘利亞到9號亦都一樣話肯。佢哋最終喺11號同以色列簽咗停火協議,場仗喺6日之内已經打完。以色列損失咗唔夠1,000人,不過阿拉伯國家就損失咗超過2萬人。軍事以外,有20位以色列平民、15位聯合國人員、34位美國軍人、同埋17位蘇聯軍人喺場仗入面過身。
結果
編輯到打完仗之後,以色列將自己控制嘅範圍擴大咗一倍:由埃及攞咗加沙走廊同西奈半島、由約旦攞咗西岸地區[b]、同埋由敘利亞攞咗戈蘭高地。同時,總共有大約28.5–32萬位巴勒斯坦人[36]同埋10萬位敘利亞人因為打仗嘅緣故而流離失所[37]。
喺打仗之後,納薩曾經因為打輸仗而辭職,不過後尾又做返埃及總統。埃及自從呢件事之後,就閂咗蘇彝士運河,搞到1970年同埋1973年出現全球嘅能源同石油嘅短缺[38][39]。
註
編輯攷
編輯- ↑ "Milestones: 1961–1968". Office of the Historian. 喺30 November 2018搵到.
- ↑ Krauthammer, Charles (18 May 2007). "Prelude to the Six Days". The Washington Post. p. A23. ISSN 0740-5421. 原先內容歸檔喺24 July 2019. 喺20 June 2008搵到.
- ↑ Oren 2002, p. 237.
- ↑ Stone 2004, p. 217.
- ↑ Oren 2002, p. 171.
- ↑ Tucker 2015, p. 540-541.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tucker 2004, p. 176.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Herzog 1984, p. 149.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gawrych 2000, p. 3.
- ↑ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008). The Six-Day War (June 1967) 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期6 March 2009..
- ↑ Zaloga, Steven (1981). Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948–78 (Vanguard). Osprey Publishing.
- ↑ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期22 February 2007..
- ↑ El Gammasy, Muhammad (1993). The October War: Memoirs of Field Marshal El-Gamasy of Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9774243161.
- ↑ Herzog 1982, p. 165.
- ↑ Tucker 2010, p. 1198.
- ↑ Woolf 2012, p. 27.
- ↑ Sachar 2007, p. 1122.
- ↑ Dunstan 2013, p. 125.
- ↑ Gantzel 1991, p. 253.
- ↑ Arnold 1991.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "UNEF I withdrawal (16 May - 17 June 1967) - SecGen report, addenda, corrigendum". Question of Palestine (美國英文). 原先內容歸檔喺11 July 2020. 喺2022-05-19搵到.
- ↑ Oren 2002, p. 187.
- ↑ Gerhard, William D.; Millington, Henry W. (1981). "Attack on a SIGINT Collector, the USS Liberty" (PDF). NSA History Report, U.S. Cryptologic History series. National Security Agency. partially declassified 1999, 2003.
- ↑ Ginor, Isabella and Remez, Gideon: The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967–1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict, p. 23
- ↑ Jeremy Bowen (2003). Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East. Simon and Schuster, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4711-1475-5.
UNRWA put the figure at 413,000
- ↑ Major General Indar Jit Rikhye (28 October 2013). The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading... Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-27985-0.
- ↑ Pollack 2004, p. 290.
- ↑ Segev 2007, p. 149-152.
- ↑ "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search".
- ↑ Oren 2002, p. 312.
- ↑ Mendoza, Terry; Hart, Rona; Herlitz, Lewis; Stone, John; Oboler, Andre (2007). "Six Day War Comprehensive Timeline". sixdaywar. 原著喺18 May 2007歸檔. 喺22 January 2021搵到. 2nd-5th author details from Six Day War, 40th anniversary, June 1, 2007, at oboler.com/six-day-war-40th-anniversary/
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: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ↑ Quigley, John (2013). The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War. 劍橋大學出版社. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-107-03206-4. 原先內容歸檔喺17 May 2024. 喺27 October 2015搵到.
- ↑ "BBC Panorama". BBC. 6 February 2009. 原先內容歸檔喺12 May 2011. 喺1 February 2012搵到.
- ↑ Mutawi, Samir A. (2002). Jordan in the 1967 War. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0. 原先內容歸檔喺17 April 2023. 喺27 October 2015搵到.
- ↑ Dunstan 2013, p. 65.
- ↑ Bowker, Robert (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-58826-202-8. 原先內容歸檔喺17 May 2024. 喺11 November 2020搵到.
- ↑ McDowall, David (1991). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond. University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-07653-2.
- ↑ "Suez Canal". 30 March 2021. 原先內容歸檔喺8 September 2023. 喺27 August 2022搵到.
- ↑ "How the (Closure of the) Suez Canal changed the world". 31 August 2014. 原先內容歸檔喺1 June 2023. 喺27 August 2022搵到.
文獻
編輯-
- Arnold, Guy (1991). Wars in the Third World since 1945.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Dunstan, Simon (2013). The Six Day War 1967: Jordan and Syria. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8490-8122-1. 原先內容歸檔喺17 May 2024. 喺19 August 2019搵到.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gantzel, Klaus Jürgen; Schwinghammer, Torsten (1991). Warfare since the Second World War.
- Gawrych, George W. (2000). The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31302-8.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Available in multiple PDF files from the Combat Studies Institute and the Combined Arms Research Library, CSI Publications in parts 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期2 December 2010.. - Herzog, Chaim (1982). The Arab-Israeli Wars. Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 978-0-85368-367-4.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Herzog, Chaim (1 January 1984). The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence through Lebanon (英文) (第Revised版). Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0394717463.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Oren, Michael B. (2002). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515174-9.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Pollack, Kenneth M. (2004). Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-0686-1. 原先內容歸檔喺20 March 2023. 喺1 December 2018搵到.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Sachar, Howard M. (2007). A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (第3版). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-71132-9.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Segev, Tom. 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 1429911670.
- Stone, David (2004). Wars of the Cold War. Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-85753-342-2.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Tucker, Spencer C. (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars. The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-947-4. 原先內容歸檔喺17 May 2024. 喺20 October 2020搵到.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Tucker, Spencer C. (2015). Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-786-6. 原先內容歸檔喺17 May 2024. 喺25 June 2019搵到.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Woolf, Alex (2012). Arab–Israeli War Since 1948. Heinemann-Raintree. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4329-6004-9.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)</ref>
- Arnold, Guy (1991). Wars in the Third World since 1945.