球狀乳牛
球狀乳牛(粵音:kau4 zong6 jyu5 ngau4;英文:spherical cow)係一個暗喻,源於理論物理學,講緊科學上用嘅簡化數學模型[1][2]。
背景
編輯要郁手做科學研究嗰陣,科學家基本上實會做一啲概念上嘅簡化(理想化;idealization)。舉個例說明,地球查實唔係完美嘅球體,亦唔係完美嘅橢球(橢球簡單講即係撳扁咗嘅球體)-就噉用常識諗都知,地球表面有好多山同海,反映咗地表有好多凹凹凸凸位,而第啲行星都係同樣嘅道理;但係响現實科研當中,研究者郁手計數嗰時成日都會將地球當正係個波噉分析,好似附圖幅 gif 噉。呢個理想化嘅假設[3]-
- 會令計算結果同實際結果唔完美 100% 吻合;但同時
- 又可以令啲數冇咁難計;
噉想像而家用咗理想化假設。如果最後計算結果離實際結果唔係太遠-例如計算得出嘅預估衛星軌道同最後睇到嘅實際軌道淨係相差咗 ×10−10 % 咁少 1[註 1],噉理想化假設整體上依然係有利嘅,可以幫研究者慳返好多時間心機[4]。
有關用理想化計數嘅例子,亦可以睇吓剛體假設:力學同工程學成日當啲物件係剛體-即係假設啲物件好硬淨唔會變形,計數嗰陣完全唔考慮啲物件有冇可能變形;呢個假設一般畀人覺得算係相對合理,因為(例如)啲機械正常運作嗰陣,好少可會真係遇上勁到令佢哋啲機件變形嘅力[5]。
故仔
編輯科學家做研究嗰陣,幾乎實會做啲簡化假設。有陣時可能會出現一個情況:有位科學家計數嗰陣做咗啲假設,但佢嘅同行覺得啲假設簡化得滯,搞到啲同行質疑「喂,你呢份研究啲假設咁簡化,計到嗰啲結果係咪真係描述到現實㗎?」。
有見及此,有評論家就講咗個噉嘅故仔(原文係英文,下面係粵譯)[6]:
「 | 」 |
個故仔有唔少變種,例如可能話有個學者想研究點樣令農場啲雞生多啲蛋,做法係「首先,假設啲雞冚唪唥都係球體...」[7]。
呢拃故仔成功引到唔少人笑,打後畀人攞咗去廣傳,用嚟諷刺第啲科學領域上出現嘅「啲假設簡化得滯」情況。到咗廿一世紀初,球狀乳牛係科學界一個幾出名嘅笑話。
睇埋
編輯註釋
編輯- ↑ 「具體嚟講,計算結果同實際結果要爭幾遠,先算係唔可以接受呢?」係一條大問題。
攷
編輯- ↑ Kaiser, David (2014-04-25). "The Sacred, Spherical Cows of Physics". Nautilus Quarterly.
- ↑ Spherical Cows. Supernova Remnant Group.
- ↑ Heine, George (September 2013). "Euler and the Flattening of the Earth". Math Horizons. 21 (1): 25-29.
- ↑ What is up with the spherical cow?. Wired.
- ↑ EN4: Dynamics and Vibrations. Brown University.
- ↑ Lee, Timothy B. (September 4, 2013). "The Coase Theorem is widely cited in economics. Ronald Coase hated it". The Washington Post.
原文:"There's a famous joke about a dairy farmer who, hoping to increase milk production, seeks the help of a theoretical physicist at the local university. After carefully studying the problem, the physicist tells the farmer, "I have a solution, but it only works if we assume a spherical cow."" - ↑ Stellman, S. D. (1973). A spherical chicken. Science, 182(4119), 1296-1296.
- ↑ Fleming, P. (2017). The death of homo economicus. University of Chicago Press Economics Books.
拎
編輯- NASA: Exploration of the Universe Division - Supernova models as spherical cows(英文),呢篇文簡介噉講天文學研究將超新星殘骸(SNR)當正係球體噉嚟分析,話噉做查實係「球狀乳牛」。