音色

音色jam1 sik1（英文：timbre，又叫 tone color）喺樂理上係指一個音符聽起嚟似係由乜嘢架生（例如「邊種樂器」）發出嚟嘅：由現實世界嘅經驗經已可知，攞兩件唔同種嘅樂器，例如一座鋼琴同一部小提琴，跟住用兩件嘢奏出同一個音高（頻率一樣）而且一樣咁響，聽嘅人都會聽得出嗰兩吓聲有某啲分別，而且就算要聽嗰個人蒙住眼睇唔到件樂器，只要佢係噉咦學過吓音樂，佢都會能夠講得出嗰兩吓聲分別係嚟自乜嘢樂器嘅。噉即係表示，嗰兩吓聲實係有某啲差異，而呢啲「令聽嘅人能夠聽得出吓聲係由乜嘢架生發出嘅」嘅聲特性就係所謂嘅音色^[1]。

音叉發出 440 Hz（A₄）嘅聲

小提琴發出 440 Hz 嘅聲

唔同樂器有唔同音色係因為唔同樂器產生嘅泛音（harmonics，物理叫諧波）唔同；所以對音色嘅科學性研究會用到傅利葉分析（Fourier analysis）^[2]，將基本聲同唔同諧波加埋亦係合成器出聲嘅兩種方法之一。

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作曲家作曲嗰陣有時會運用音色呢種特性嚟達到想要嘅藝術效果－唔同樂器音色唔同，唔同音色達到唔同嘅藝術效果，所以有唔少樂曲都係作嚟俾特定嘅樂器演奏嘅，一般俾人覺得要用返嗰隻樂器嚟奏先至可以奏得出作曲家想要達到嘅效果。例如係

由巴哈（J. S. Bach）作嘅巴洛克音樂名曲《小提琴第二變奏曲》（Partita for Violin No. 2）就係一首出咗名專門作嚟俾小提琴獨奏用嘅樂曲，廣泛噉俾人認為係最優美嘅小提琴樂曲之一^[3]；

《小提琴第二變奏曲》最終樂章
小提琴獨奏

又或者可以睇吓由約翰施特勞斯二世（Johann Strauss II）作嘅《撥奏普卡》（Pizzicato Polka）－首曲寫嚟係預咗俾用弦樂器嘅演奏者用撥奏（簡單講就係用手指輕輕力噉彈條弦）嘅方式嚟奏嘅^[4]；
交響曲（symphony）－作嚟俾一大隊交響樂團演奏用嘅樂曲－達得到嘅效果，又會明顯有異於作嚟獨奏或者俾細樂隊演奏嘅樂曲^[5]。

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American Standards Association (1960). American Standard Acoustical Terminology. New York: American Standards Association.

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↑ McAdams, Stephen, and Albert Bregman (1979). "Hearing Musical Streams". Computer Music Journal 3, no. 4 (December): 26–43, 60.
↑ Balzano, G. J. (1986). What are musical pitch and timbre?. Music Perception, 3(3), 297-314.
↑ Bach, J. S., & Kremer, G. (2005). Sonatas and partitas for violin solo. ECM Records.
↑ Woodstra, Chris; Brennan, Gerald; Schrott, Allen (2005). All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 1316-1317.
↑ Brunner, Lance W. (1986). "The orchestra and recorded sound". In Peyser, Joan (ed.). The Orchestra: Origins and transformations. New York, NY: Scribner's Sons.

[1] McAdams, Stephen, and Albert Bregman (1979). "Hearing Musical Streams". Computer Music Journal 3, no. 4 (December): 26–43, 60.

[2] Balzano, G. J. (1986). What are musical pitch and timbre?. Music Perception, 3(3), 297-314.

[3] Bach, J. S., & Kremer, G. (2005). Sonatas and partitas for violin solo. ECM Records.

[4] Woodstra, Chris; Brennan, Gerald; Schrott, Allen (2005). All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 1316-1317.

[5] Brunner, Lance W. (1986). "The orchestra and recorded sound". In Peyser, Joan (ed.). The Orchestra: Origins and transformations. New York, NY: Scribner's Sons.

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音色

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