經驗主義
經驗主義(粵拼:ging1 jim6 zyu2 ji6 | 英文:empiricism)係種哲學主義,屬知識論嘅理論,強調知識係由經驗而嚟。呢種主義嘅代表人物係英國哲學家約翰洛克。
基本定位
編輯睇埋:知識論
根據廿世紀打前嘅西方哲學思想,人嘅體驗可以嚟自兩大來源[1]:
响最基本上,經驗主義主張知識主要-甚至完全-係嚟自 1 嘅,而理性主義(rationalism)就啱啱相反,主張知識主要-甚至完全-係嚟自 2 嘅[2]。
實證科學
編輯實證科學睇重嘅係靠感官係噉對周圍世界作出觀察甚至做實驗(涉及研究者郁手做某啲操作,再睇吓操作會產生咩影響[3]),嚟達致係噉增進自己嘅知識。
例如現代科學實會跟從嘅科學方法,就會跟以下噉嘅步驟嚟求知[4]。想像而家想研究物體嘅自由下墜。
- 根據手上已知係真嘅事實,諗一啲理論出嚟(「基於打前嘅知識,我推測地球上嘅物體冚唪唥都會受到某股力影響),呢啲理論好多時係用數學模型嘅方式嚟表達嘅(「而一件物體受嗰股引力,可以用我提出嘅呢條式計...」);
- 跟手就要諗吓呢柞理論會做點樣嘅預測(「如果我提倡呢條式係正確嘅,理應會觀察到噉噉噉嘅結果...」);
- 然後就做實驗同觀察攞數據,驗證吓個理論嘅預測係咪真確(「而個實際嘅實驗結果係...」);
- 如果數據顯示,個理論係做唔到準確嘅預測嘅話,就要一係根據攞到嘅數據睇吓個理論要點改先可以令佢做到準確啲嘅預測,一係就要諗新理論取代舊理論
-上述嘅過程會係噉重複,直至手上嘅理論同式做到完全準確嘅預測為止-於是人嘅知識就有得持續噉發展,做到愈嚟愈準確嘅預測。响廿一世紀初,包括物理學、化學、生物學同經濟學等嘅實證科學,都係主要靠科學方法嚟做嘅。
睇埋
編輯- 理性主義,可以話係經驗主義嘅相對。
- Tabula rasa
- 證據
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參攷
編輯- ↑ Locke, J. (1847). An essay concerning human understanding. Kay & Troutman.
- ↑ Rationalism vs. Empiricism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ↑ Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley.
- ↑ Godfrey-Smith 2003, Chapter 14: "Bayesianism and Modern Theories of Evidence".
- ↑ Achinstein, Peter, and Barker, Stephen F. (1969), The Legacy of Logical Positivism: Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
- ↑ Fischer, M.R.; Fabry, G (2014). "Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education". GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung. 31 (2): Doc24.
- ↑ A Mathematician, A Physicist and an Engineer..., Northwestern University,原版英文:"A mathematician, a physicist, and an engineer are riding a train through Scotland.
The engineer looks out the window, sees a black sheep, and exclaims, "Hey! They've got black sheep in Scotland!"
The physicist looks out the window and corrects the engineer, "Strictly speaking, all we know is that there's at least one black sheep in Scotland."
The mathematician looks out the window and corrects the physicist, " Strictly speaking, all we know is that is that at least one side of one sheep is black in Scotland.""
拎
編輯- (英文) Rationalism vs. Empiricism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.