黑暗三角特質
黑暗三角特質(英文:The Dark Triad personality traits)喺性格心理學上係指同反社會行為(簡單講即係指傷害其他人嘅行為)零舍有啦掕嘅三個性格特質,包括咗[1][2]:
- 自戀(narcissism):自戀嘅人自視極高,鍾意出風頭做注意力嘅中心,好多時會為咗令自己望落勁啲而直接或者間接噉踩低其他人[3];
- 馬氏主義(Machiavellianism):對身邊嘅人缺乏信任,覺得身邊嘅人都信唔過,成日會用操縱術等嘅方法嚟利用其他人[4];
- 心理病態(psychopathy):缺乏同理心或者自責嘅能力,就算做咗傷害人嘅嘢之後都唔會有咩感覺[5];
-即係話呢柞性格特質係三個黑暗(俾好多人覺得係得人驚,甚至乎邪惡)嘅特質。順帶一提,「三個特質」唔淨只係概念上做嘅分法,實際嘅心理統計研究仲表明,呢三個性格特質有幾強嘅統計相關但唔係同一個因素-簡化噉講即係有一定嘅重疊但唔係同一樣嘢[6][7]。
黑暗三角特質嘅概念對應用心理學上嘅工作者嚟講相當有用:响某啲情況下,黑暗三角特質令人容易做出犯法嘅行為,例如一個有心理病態嘅人有陣時打傷人甚至殺咗人都唔會覺得自責[註 1],或者會因為佢哋唔在意身邊嘅人嘅利益而响共事嘅人當中製造問題,所以犯罪心理學[8]同埋組織心理學[9]等應用心理領域嘅工作者都有興趣研究黑暗三角特質。
定位
編輯黑暗三角特質包括咗三個性格特質,個概念源自 1990 年代至 2000 年代嘅性格心理學研究:一隻性格特質係一個可以喺人同人之間有差異嘅心理或者行為變數,例如衝動就係一個性格特質-可以想像成唔同人之間嘅自控能力差異,即係有啲人比較擅長壓抑自己「去攞想要嘅嘢」嘅行動,有啲人冇咁擅長做呢樣嘢,後者算係比較衝動[10];喺廿世紀末,有唔少性格心理學家都有興趣研究個體之間响反社會行為(指傷害其他人或者忽視其他人利益嘅行為)上嘅差異,而呢啲性格心理學家用統計技術做嘅分析發現有三個性格特質同反社會行為零舍有關係-形成咗「黑暗三角特質」嘅概念[1][2]:
自戀
編輯自戀呢種性格特質重點在於「覺得自己好重要」:自戀程度高嘅人極之在意自己嘅樣同埋滿足自己嘅需要;噉嘅人好多時都好睇重想喺社交情境當中佔有優勢嘅地位,所以會想喺其他人面前建立一個理想嘅形象(所以會在意自己嘅樣),會做反社會行為(例如踩低其他人令自己望落勁啲),不過做起反社會行為上嚟唔會做得好出樣(唔想身邊嘅人對自己印象太過唔好);自戀同外向度以及經驗開放度有正相關,並且同親和度有負相關[1][11]。自戀度高嘅人喺公共財博弈當中比較自私啲[12][13]。
馬氏主義
編輯馬基雅維利主義:馬基雅維利主義程度高嘅人傾向操縱身邊嘅人同埋對道德冷淡;馬基雅維利主義傾向對身邊嘅人缺乏信任,覺得身邊嘅人都信唔過,會靠心理操縱術嚟呃身邊嘅人同搵身邊嘅人老襯,做起反社會行為上嚟唔會做得好出樣(偏好呃人等比較鬼祟嘅做法);馬基雅維利主義同親和度以及盡責度有負相關[14]。
心理病態
編輯心理病態:心理病態俾好多人認為係黑暗三角當中最反社會嗰個特質;有心理病態嘅人傾向衝動、自私、無情,而且做咗反社會行為之後完全唔會自責,冇乜同理心。根據心理學研究,呢啲人最大嘅特徵係唔識驚-有心理學研究試過搵班受試者返嚟,用生理方法(量度心跳率同埋表情呀噉)嚟睇住啲受試者嘅情緒,發現一般人喺見到自己以外嘅人痛或者驚嗰陣,都會或多或少噉出現驚嘅反應(同理心),所以唔會想做出令其他人痛或者驚嘅行為;相比之下,心理病態程度高嘅人就缺少咗呢種反應,佢哋傾向咩都唔驚,即係話就算佢哋明知自己做緊嘅嘢(例如係操縱人、攻擊人甚至殺人)會令其他人覺得受苦或者驚,佢哋都唔會有咩特別嘅感覺,事後更加唔會因為做咗傷害人嘅嘢而自責(不過有可能會為咗呃身邊嘅人而扮自責)[15];進一步嘅神經研究仲發現,同正常人比起嚟,心理病態程度高嘅人嘅杏仁核(amygdala;一個有份處理驚嘅情緒嘅腦區)對於驚嘅反應異常咁弱,意思即係話正常人嘅杏仁核會因為驚而活動起變化,但心理病態程度高嘅人嘅杏仁核冇呢種反應[16]。
同第啲特質嘅啦掕
編輯博弈論研究
編輯喺理論層面上,黑暗三角特質可以用博弈論嘅角度嚟諗:博弈論係一套應用數學上嘅理論,研究決策者之間嘅互動,即係例如「想像家陣有兩位決策者要喺噉噉噉嘅規則下對局,每位決策者手上有噉噉噉嘅選擇,呢個可能結果(例:博弈者 A 揀咗選擇 A 而博弈者 B 揀咗選擇 B)會分別為 A 帶嚟咁多咁多利益...」噉嘅思考;喺博弈論上,博弈成日都會有合作嘅機會,即係啲博弈者有得事先夾好大家一齊揀某啲選擇,等大家齊齊利益最大化,但呢啲博弈好多時又會有機會俾其中一位博弈者搵第啲博弈者老襯,即係例如事先講好要合作但佢臨郁手做決擇之前先至變節(令自己利益最大化),而噉做會令俾佢呃嗰啲博弈者利益受損(例子可以睇吓監犯困境);呢類忽視身邊嘅人嘅利益嘅行為就係反社會行為,而黑暗三角正正就係傾向引起反社會行為嘅性格特質[17],所以一路都有心理學家研究黑暗三角特質會點樣影響一個人喺博弈論情境之下嘅決策,尤其係研究黑暗三角點樣影響喺博弈情境下嘅背叛行為[18]。
心理操縱
編輯心理操縱泛指用一啲古惑方法嚟影響其他人嘅情緒同認知,從而幫助自己達到目的[19]。實證嘅研究表明咗,心理操縱嘅行為喺屬於黑暗三角嘅人身上好常見,而佢哋常用嘅心理操縱技巧有以下呢啲:
睇埋
編輯註釋
編輯文獻
編輯- Böckler, A., Sharifi, M., Kanske, P., Dziobek, I., & Singer, T. (2017). Social decision making in narcissism: Reduced generosity and increased retaliation are driven by alterations in perspective-taking and anger (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 1-7.
- Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits (PDF). Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
- Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How "dark" are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884-889.
- Sudha, K. S., & Shahnawaz, M. G. (2020). Narcissism personality trait and performance: task-oriented leadership and authoritarian styles as mediators. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
攷
編輯- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy (PDF). Journal of research in personality, 36(6), 556-563.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Robert M. Regoli; John D. Hewitt; Matt DeLisi (20 April 2011). Delinquency in Society: The Essentials. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 99.
- ↑ Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
- ↑ Jakobwitz, Sharon; Egan, Vincent (January 2006). "The dark triad and normal personality traits". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (2): 331-339.
- ↑ Skeem, Jennifer L.; Polaschek, Devon L. L.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (15 December 2011). "Psychopathic Personality". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 12 (3): 95-162.
- ↑ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2010). "Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal circumplex". In Horowitz, Leonard M.; Strack, Stephen N. (eds.). Handbook of interpersonal theory and research. New York: Guilford. pp. 249-267.
- ↑ Klimstra, Theo A.; Jeronimus, Bertus F.; Sijtsema, Jelle J.; Denissen, Jaap J.A. (April 2020). "The unfolding dark side: Age trends in dark personality features". Journal of Research in Personality. 85: 103915.
- ↑ Kaufman, Scott Barry; Yaden, David Bryce; Hyde, Elizabeth; Tsukayama, Eli (12 March 2019). "The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature". Frontiers in Psychology. 10: 467.
- ↑ O'Boyle Jr, Ernest H.; Forsynth, Donelson R.; Banks, George C.; McDaniel, Michael A. (2012). "A Meta-Analysis of the Dark Triad and Work Behavior: A Social Exchange Perspective". Applied Psychology. 97 (3): 557–579.
- ↑ Maxwell, A. L., Gardiner, E., & Loxton, N. J. (2020). Investigating the relationship between reward sensitivity, impulsivity, and food addiction: A systematic review (PDF). European Eating Disorders Review, 28(4), 368-384.
- ↑ Twenge, Jean M. (2011). Campbell, W. Keith; Miller, Joshua D. (eds.). The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- ↑ Campbell, W. K., Bush, C. P., Brunell, A. B., & Shelton, J. (2005). Understanding the social costs of narcissism: The case of the tragedy of the commons. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1358-1368.
- ↑ Böckler, A., Sharifi, M., Kanske, P., Dziobek, I., & Singer, T. (2017). Social decision making in narcissism: Reduced generosity and increased retaliation are driven by alterations in perspective-taking and anger (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 1-7.
- ↑ Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (March 2013). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review: Dark Triad of Personality". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216.
- ↑ Marsh, A. A., & Cardinale, E. M. (2012). Psychopathy and fear: Specific impairments in judging behaviors that frighten others (PDF). Emotion, 12(5), 892.
- ↑ Blair, R. J. R. (2003). Neurobiological basis of psychopathy (PDF). The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(1), 5-7.
- ↑ Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual differences research, 8(2), 111.
- ↑ Malesza, M. (2020). The effects of the Dark Triad traits in prisoner's dilemma game (PDF). Current Psychology, 39(3), 1055-1062.
- ↑ Buss, D. M., Gomes, M., Higgins, D. S., & Lauterbach, K. (1987). Tactics of manipulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(6), 1219.
- ↑ Sarkis, S. M. (2018). Gaslighting: Recognize Manipulative and Emotionally Abusive People--and Break Free. Hachette UK.