腦葉
腦葉 | |
---|---|
生理 | |
屬於 | 腦 |
識別碼 | |
UBERON ID | 0016526 |
TA | A14.1.09.005 |
[改維基數據] | |
本來腦葉嘅分法係純粹建基於解剖學考量(用最大嗰啲腦溝腦回劃分)嘅,但打後嘅神經科學研究表明,腦葉彼此之間喺功能上都有明顯差異[7][8]:例如係枕葉噉,就同視覺資訊嘅處理零舍大關係-枕葉因為疾病或者創傷性損害受損可以搞到個病人就算對眼好地地都變盲;同時,另外嗰三塊腦葉受損通常唔會點影響個人嘅視覺功能[9],而且另外嗰三塊腦葉其中一塊受損嗰陣會出現嘅症狀,又同枕葉受損出現嘅症狀截然不同[10][11]。
基本
編輯大腦皮層[歐 2]係人同埋第啲哺乳類動物嘅大腦[歐 3]最外面嗰浸神經組織(指由神經細胞同膠質細胞組成嘅組織),喺人當中
喺多數哺乳類動物當中[註 2],大腦皮層表面都皺掹掹噉,令到塊大腦皮層喺容量受(頭殼嘅)限制下表面積能夠有咁大得咁大,容納最多嘅神經細胞同有最大嘅資訊處理能力[13]。因為呢種龐大資訊處理能力,大腦皮層係成個中央神經系統裏面最大嘅神經訊號整合中心,對感知、注意力、思緒、記憶、語言同意識等嘅認知功能嚟講不可或缺[14]。
大腦皮層皺,所以表面有好多凹凸位。喺神經科學上,大腦皮層表面嗰啲凹位叫腦溝[歐 6],而凸位就叫腦回[歐 7][2],神經解剖學(指對神經系統構造嘅研究)上有對「每個動物物種嘅大腦皮層表面有邊啲腦溝腦回」作出研究同紀錄。唔同腦溝腦回嘅深淺不一,而廿一世紀初神經科學上常用嘅四大腦葉分區方案就係建基於人腦表面最大條嗰啲腦溝同腦回嘅-用人大腦皮層上最大條嗰啲腦溝腦回將大腦皮層分做四大區域[7][15]:
額葉
編輯額葉[歐 8]係四大腦葉當中最近額頭嗰一個(額葉)。人腦額葉位置上係喺中央溝[歐 9]嘅前端同埋喺外側溝[歐 10]嘅上端。中央溝嘅另一面係頂葉,而外側溝嘅另一面係顳葉[7][16]。
大腦皮層當中對多巴胺[歐 11]敏感嘅神經細胞多數都係集中喺額葉嗰度嘅[17]。多巴胺係神經傳遞素(負責幫神經細胞手傳訊號嘅化合物)嘅一種,腦個多巴胺系統扮演咗多種功能,同對行為強化(簡單講就係嘢食等令個人有快感嘅嘢)嘅反應、專注力、短期記憶、計劃同埋動機呢啲嘢相關[7],而且仲幫手控制感官資訊裏面邊一啲可以由丘腦[歐 12]傳上去大腦皮層嗰度[18]。有研究顯示,有一款基因會令前額葉皮層(額葉最前嗰忽)多巴胺活動少咗,而呢款基因會間接令個人喺工作記憶上嘅表現差,亦都會係噉咦提高嗰個人患精神分裂嘅機會率[19]。
以下係額葉各大主要部份[註 3],由前到後:
- 前額葉皮層[歐 13]做決策等嘅「高階」認知功能,亦都主宰咗一個人嘅性格[20]。
- 前運動皮層[歐 14]喺正主要運動皮層嘅前端[21]。
- 主要運動皮層[歐 15]係運動系統(指腦入面負責控制身體肌肉郁動嘅子系統)嘅中心,同第啲負責肌肉控制嘅腦區有緊密連繫,負責計劃身體嘅郁動[22]。
... 等等。
額葉具有多種功能,對於有意識嘅行為控制同計劃嚟講零舍重要(睇埋管控功能)[23]:
- 主要運動皮質管制行路等自主性嘅身體郁動。
- 額葉能夠根據自身現時嘅行動預測將來嘅結果,亦都幫手壓抑一啲喺社交上唔受接納嘅行為,例如係當一個人喺社交場合嗰時,佢塊額葉嘅活動會幫手壓抑嗰個人當眾𢯎籮柚(一種社交上唔禮貌嘅行為)嘅衝動;研究表明,額葉有病變或者有過度活躍症(ADHD;會令額葉活動過低[24])嘅人好多時會唔識得喺社交場合做適當嘅行為[25][26]。
- 額葉嘅各種功能對個人嘅性格好有影響力。頭先提到,額葉嘅功能包括壓抑一啲社交上唔適當嘅行為,所以額葉受損可能會令個人明知某啲行為唔恰當都照做,例如個人可能明知當眾𢯎籮柚喺社交上唔恰當都照做;額葉受損又可以令到個人喺表達情緒上異常,例:個人可能變到開心都唔識笑或者用正常方法表達,又或者係失控笑得異常咁勁[27]。
頂葉
編輯頂葉[歐 16]位於大腦嘅最頂,係四大腦葉當中最近頭殼頂嗰一個(頂葉)。喺嚴格嘅神經解剖學上,頂葉由三條腦溝界定:頂葉位置上喺中央溝嘅後端、頭頂後頭溝[歐 17]嘅前端同埋外側溝嘅上端。中央溝嘅另一面係額葉,頭頂後頭溝嘅另一面係枕葉,而外側溝嘅另一面係顳葉[28][29]。
以下係頂葉比較重要嘅部份[30]:
... 等等。
頂葉其中一樣最出名嘅功能係體覺,體覺指處理「身體邊啲部份俾邊啲物件掂住」等由皮膚表面探測嘅資訊,或者處理有關體內狀態嘅資訊:頂葉會由丘腦嗰度接收唔同種類嘅感官資訊(由眼嗰度嚟嘅視覺資訊、由耳仔嚟嘅聽覺資訊、由條脷嚟嘅味覺資訊... 等等),並且將呢啲資訊結合埋一齊。頂葉有多個腦區幫手處理呢啲資訊,包括係喺正中央溝嘅後面、負責處理體覺資訊嘅感覺運動皮層[31]。
神經科學上嘅研究會例如刺激吓身體每個部份,再睇吓感覺運動皮層邊橛會有反應。感覺運動皮層嘅表面可以畫成一個人仔[歐 22]圖:如果將一個人腦喺感覺運動皮層嗰度切開,再由前面睇,可以得出附圖-附圖顯示嘅係一條表示感覺運動皮層表面嘅曲線,條曲線上每一點都對應住一個身體部份(腳板、手、鼻同脷呀噉),而嗰一點對應嘅部份就係嗰一橛感覺運動皮層負責處理嗰個身體部份,即係最近頭殼頂嗰橛感覺運動皮層處理腳板嘅體覺,而最落嗰橛感覺運動皮層就處理條脷嘅體覺... 等。由附圖睇得出,感覺運動皮層當中有唔合比例咁大嘅區域係俾個腦攞咗嚟處理塊面同對手嗰度嚟嘅觸覺資訊嘅-即係話人類塊面同對手零舍敏感過身體第啲部位[32]。
除咗體覺,頂葉嘅重要功能仲包括語言、將身體唔同部份嘅感官資訊結合埋一齊、對數字嘅認知、同埋對物件嘅操控(即係例如用手舞一件物件)[33]。頂葉比較後側嘅部份會幫手做視覺方面嘅資訊處理[註 4],會由枕葉嗰度接收視覺資訊,並且運用呢啲資訊加埋體覺資訊,嚟幫手控制手同眼嘅郁動,即係例如如果手板嘅皮膚感覺到有重量(體覺),同時對眼見到自己手板上面有嚿物件(視覺),就能夠確切噉知道「手板上有嚿嘢」呢樣資訊,而且對重量嘅感覺同視覺兩種資訊結合仲幫到手對「件物件係乜」作出更準嘅判斷[34]。因為頂葉會由喺大腦皮層背側[歐 23]嘅管道接收由枕葉嚟嘅資訊[35][36],所以研究視覺現象嘅神經科學家同心理學家好多時會將頂葉背側形容為視覺嘅背側流[歐 24]。
枕葉
編輯枕葉[歐 25]位於大腦嘅最後端,係四大腦葉當中最近後尾枕嗰一個,喺正枕骨[歐 26](頭殼最近後尾枕嗰嚿骨)下面(枕葉)。喺嚴格嘅神經解剖學上,枕葉由頭頂後頭溝界定,位於頭頂後頭溝嘅後端,而頭頂後頭溝嘅另一面係頂葉[28][37]。
以下係枕葉比較重要嘅部份[28]:
... 等等。
枕葉出咗名係大腦嘅「視覺中心」:視覺泛指一個認知系統對光嘅感應;人等嘅多種動物有眼呢種感官,眼塊視網膜上嘅感光細胞會感應入咗眼嘅光,並且向個腦射訊號,話俾個腦知感應到啲點樣(顏色同光度等)嘅光;喺四大腦葉當中,枕葉同眼之間嘅連繫零舍強。枕葉可以分做幾個功能上有差異嘅視覺區域,每個視覺區域都對應隻動物嘅視覺世界嘅一部份。呢個分區唔係靠解剖學嚟分,而係靠生理學研究嚟搵出嘅-呢啲研究會一路俾受試者睇一啲視覺刺激一路用電極探測佢哋唔同腦區嘅腦電活動,發覺(例如)某兩個區域雖然喺解剖上相連,但對同樣嘅視覺刺激會有唔同反應,表示咗呢兩個區域喺功能上唔同[38]。喺功能上,枕葉大致上可以分做幾個區域:
- 主要視覺皮層(V1)負責向第啲腦區提供一啲低層嘅視覺資訊,低層係指冇乜經過個腦處理過嘅資訊[註 5],包含咗睇到嘅視野當中嘅色水同啲物件嘅方向呀噉,而唔包括例如「啲物件歸類做乜」等嘅高層資訊。主要視覺皮層有向其他枕葉區域傳訊號,包括咗向腹側射訊號去顳葉嘅枕葉區[歐 30](V2 同 V4)、向背側射訊號去頂葉嘅枕葉區[歐 31](V3、V5、同 V6)[39][40]。
- 次要視覺皮層(V2)收到由 V1 嚟嘅單向資訊,喺認物件當中扮演咗重要嘅角色,會按照佢由 V1 嗰度收到嘅訊號判斷睇到嘅係乜嘢物件[41]。而位於後側嘅 V3 就負責處理每件物件「喺邊個位置」同「向邊個方向郁緊」等嘅資訊,例如有份研究就試過噉做:研究者俾班受試者睇唔同物件嘅相,有陣時兩幅相會展示同一件物件但唔同方向擺,有陣時兩幅相會展示兩件方向相同嘅物件但兩件物件唔一樣,結果發現,後側射訊號嘅 V3 區嘅腦活動規律主要同物件嘅方向相關,而向前側射訊號嘅區域嘅腦活動規律主要同件物件係乜有相關[42]。
... 等等。
顳葉
編輯顳葉[歐 32]位於其餘三個腦葉下端嘅位置,位置上近耳仔[43]:哺乳類動物嘅腦左右半球嘅側端都有一條外側溝[歐 33],外側溝係額葉以及頂葉同顳葉之間嘅邊界-外側溝上端嘅係額葉同頂葉,而外側溝下端嘅就係顳葉[44]。
... 等等。
神經科學研究表明,顳葉上側、後側同外側等多個部份都會參與高層嘅聽覺資訊處理:耳仔會將收到外界資訊傳送到去顳葉嘅主要聽覺皮層嗰度,主要聽覺皮層會係噉咦處理吓啲資訊,並且初步噉將啲資訊詮釋同歸類,例如聽到某啲聲之後初步噉斷定啲聲係語言定係第啲類型嘅聲[46],然後塊主要聽覺皮層就會將唔同類嘅聽覺資訊傳去唔同嘅次要聽覺皮層嗰度-次要聽覺皮層係一啲專化咗、淨係處理某啲特定聽覺資訊嘅腦區,例如布諾卡區就係位於顳葉上少少嘅一個腦區,專門處理語言相關嘅聽覺資訊-研究顯示,布諾卡區病變會搞到個病人明明聽覺同聲帶冇問題,都講唔到嘢[47][48]。
主要聽覺皮層會向兩個重要嘅語言腦區傳訊號:布諾卡區同韋力卡區,前者主要掌管個人對語言嘅使用,喺講嘢當中不可或缺,而後者就主要掌管聲同意思之間嘅連繫-語言大致上就係聲同意思之間嘅連繫,而呢個連繫似乎由韋力卡區主管;研究顯示,韋力卡區病變會搞到個病人出現所謂嘅感覺型失語症[歐 40],即係話個病人能夠發出準確嘅聲,但講嘅嘢冇乜意思,例如個病人想講話佢去同隻狗散步,但講出嚟嘅嘢係
- 「我知隻狗有啲唔舒服所以我想佢去行吓,我想好似你講嘅噉照顧吓佢。」
第啲腦葉
編輯除咗四大腦葉之外,仲有部份嘅腦區有俾人稱之為腦葉:
註釋
編輯睇埋
編輯文獻
編輯- Berger, Oltmanns, Holtkamp, & Bengner. (2017). Sex differences in verbal and nonverbal learning before and after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy & Behavior, 66, 57–63. https://doi-org.library3.webster.edu/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.037
- Berret, Kintscher, Palchaudhuri, Tang, Osypenko, Kochubey, & Schneggenburge, (2019). Insular cortex processes aversive somatosensory information and is crucial for threat learning. Science, 364(6443), 1–11.
- Chauvière. (2020). Potential causes of cognitive alterations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Behavioural Brain Research, 378. https://doi-org.library3.webster.edu/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112310
- Gluck, Mercado, & Myers. (2020). Learning and memory from brain to behavior. Worth Publications.
- Jain, & Srivastava, (2017). Frontal lobe abnormality and psychosis in traumatic brain injury and cannabis abuse. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 18(1).
- Müller, N. G., & Knight, R. T. (2006). The functional neuroanatomy of working memory: contributions of human brain lesion studies. Neuroscience, 139(1), 51-58.
歐詞
編輯- ↑ 英文:brain lobes
- ↑ cerebral cortex
- ↑ cerebrum
- ↑ neocortex
- ↑ longitudinal fissure
- ↑ sulcus
- ↑ gyrus
- ↑ frontal lobe
- ↑ central sulcus
- ↑ lateral sulcus
- ↑ dopamine
- ↑ thalamus
- ↑ prefrontal cortex,PFC
- ↑ premotor cortex
- ↑ primary motor cortex
- ↑ parietal lobe
- ↑ parieto-occipital sulcus
- ↑ somatosensory cortex
- ↑ superior parietal lobule
- ↑ inferior parietal lobule
- ↑ intraparietal sulcus,IPS
- ↑ 拉丁文:homunculus
- ↑ dorsal
- ↑ dorsal stream of vision
- ↑ occipital lobe
- ↑ occipital bone
- ↑ visual cortex
- ↑ primary visual cortex,V1
- ↑ secondary visual cortex,V2
- ↑ ventral stream
- ↑ dorsal stream
- ↑ temporal lobe
- ↑ lateral sulcus
- ↑ medial temporal lobe
- ↑ auditory cortex
- ↑ primary auditory cortex
- ↑ secondary auditory cortex
- ↑ Broca's area
- ↑ Wernicke's area
- ↑ fluent aphasia
- ↑ Broca's
- ↑ Wernicke's
- ↑ limbic lobe
- ↑ hippocampus
- ↑ ventral hippocampus
- ↑ insular lobe,又有叫 insular cortex
攷
編輯- ↑ Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas (2010). "The Cerebral Sulci and Gyri". Neurosurg Focus, 56 (2): E2.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fatema, K., Ara, S., Rahman, M., Afroz, H., Sultana, A. A., & Pal, D. R. (2013). Length and Depth of the Central Sulcus: A Postmortem Study. Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, 11(1), 19-24.
- ↑ Cykowski, M. D., Coulon, O., Kochunov, P. V., Amunts, K., Lancaster, J. L., Laird, A. R., ... & Fox, P. T. (2008). The central sulcus: an observer-independent characterization of sulcal landmarks and depth asymmetry (PDF). Cerebral Cortex, 18(9), 1999-2009.
- ↑ Roberts, P (1992). Neuroanatomy (3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. pp. 86–92.
- ↑ FIPAT. Terminologia Neuroanatomica. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Anatomy of the Brain: Cerebellum Function. ThoughtCo.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Stuss, D. T., & Knight, R. T. (Eds.). (2002). Principles of frontal lobe function. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Ravnkilde, B., Videbech, P., Rosenberg, R., Gjedde, A., & Gade, A. (2002). Putative tests of frontal lobe function: a PET-study of brain activation during Stroop's Test and verbal fluency. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(4), 534-547.
- ↑ Aldrich, M. S., Alessi, A. G., Beck, R. W., & Gilman, S. (1987). Cortical blindness: etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 21(2), 149-158.
- ↑ Miller, B. L., & Cummings, J. L. (Eds.). (2017). The human frontal lobes: Functions and disorders. Guilford Publications.
- ↑ Baloh, R. W., Yee, R. D., & Honrubia, V. (1980). Optokinetic nystagmus and parietal lobe lesions. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 7(3), 269-276.
- ↑ Strominger, Norman L.; Demarest, Robert J.; Laemle, Lois B. (2012). "Cerebral Cortex". Noback's Human Nervous System, Seventh Edition. Humana Press. pp. 429–451.
- ↑ Fernández, V; Llinares-Benadero, C; Borrell, V (17 May 2016). "Cerebral cortex expansion and folding: what have we learned?" (PDF). The EMBO Journal. 35 (10): 1021-44.
- ↑ Saladin, Kenneth (2011). Human anatomy (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 416–422.
- ↑ Deng, Fan; Jiang, Xi; Zhu, Dajiang; Zhang, Tuo; Li, Kaiming; Guo, Lei; Liu, Tianming (2013). "A functional model of cortical gyri and sulci". Brain Structure and Function. 219 (4): 1473–1491.
- ↑ Muzio, Bruno Di. "Frontal pole | Radiology Reference Article. Radiopaedia.org. 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期2019年4月7號,.". radiopaedia.org.
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