學術寫作
學術寫作(粵拼:hok6 seot6 se2 zok3;英文:academic writing)係一種冇虛構性質嘅寫作,泛指寫嚟講學術嘢嘅文字作品。學術寫作有得細分做好多類-包括係寫嚟做理論型探究嘅文、寫嚟匯報一份實驗嘅結果嘅文、或者係攞檔案嚟做分析嘅文... 呀噉。呢啲咁多唔同嘅文字作品組成咗所謂嘅學術文獻-學術文獻嘅存在令到學術工作者有得彼此交流自己嘅諗頭,係學術研究不可或缺嘅一環[1][2]。
對於從事學術工作嘅人嚟講,學術寫作係一樣好緊要嘅技能:
- 科學領域嘅研究者(科學家)需要例如寫報告,同人解釋自己做嘅實驗或者提倡嘅理論[3];
- 工程學領域嘅研究者都要寫文,同人解釋例如自己件發明係點運作嘅,或者件發明可以攞嚟有咩用[4];
- 人文學領域嘅研究者都係要寫文,例如分析某一份文學作品或者一首樂曲(人文學成日做啲噉嘅研究)呀噉[5]。
因為學術寫作咁緊要,有啲學術工作者甚至仲撰文,同啲同行傾點樣先可以有效噉做學術寫作同埋教學生做學術寫作[2]。亦都有學術工作者會對學術文獻做社科研究,剖析「唔同領域嘅學者寫起嘢上嚟有咩分別」以及「邊啲寫作方式能夠更有效噉促進諗頭嘅交流」噉嘅問題[6]。
定位
編輯學術寫作泛指寫嚟講學術(指有經過組織嘅知識)嘢嘅文字作品,最重要嘅功用係交流一啲學術上嘅諗頭,最理想係達致喺思考上啟發讀者,促進知識嘅發展[7]。例如喺 2017 年就有管理學者撰文,喺篇文入面噉樣描述學術寫作做嘅嘢[8]:p. 3:
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學術寫作係一樣艱鉅嘅工作:喺廿一世紀初嘅學界,一位學者寫好咗一篇文之後就要將篇文遞交上去睇啱嘅期刊或者出版者度;而出版方第一時間經已會簡略噉睇吓篇文啲行文係咪啱攞去出版,唔啱嘅就會俾人檯面拒絕[英 1]-據估計喺 2010 年代,有超過 50% 嘅文都係俾人檯面拒絕咗嘅;過到第一輪嘅審視之後,一篇文就會俾人攞去做同儕互評[英 2]-即係出版方會聯絡啲對篇文個研究課題有返咁上下熟嘅學者,叫呢啲學者幫手詳細噉評,評吓篇文係咪適合攞去登;呢啲學者有一定嘅機率會提議出版方拒絕篇文,而就算篇文最後係登到,都要經過閒閒哋三四次(喺評者嘅意見下做)嘅修改先至俾人評定係質素夠高,出版方肯攞去出版-成個過程可以用成三四個月咁耐嘅時間。學者對啲文嘅行文同用詞好講究,有一套套特定嘅標準要跟從,想確保寫嘅文能夠清晰噉表達自己嘅諗頭[9][10]。
組成部份
編輯一般嚟講,無論係邊個領域或者邊種類型都好,一份學術文都大致上會跟以下噉嘅流程[11][12]:
- 摘要[英 3]:指一段短短哋嘅字(喺英文學術寫作裏面通常係 150 - 200 字左右咁長),用嚟大致上噉講吓一篇出版物嘅內容係乜;摘要通常會擺喺啲人臨睇篇嘢嘅內容之前會睇嘅地方,例如係篇文第一頁最上個位,用意係要幫摷文獻嚟睇嘅人有得快速噉判斷一份文獻「係咪自己有興趣想詳細睇嘅嘢」[13]。
- 文獻綜述[英 4]:正路嚟講,研究人員喺郁手做新嘅研究之前,都實會摷吓同讀吓自己研究緊嗰範嗰啲近期文獻;佢哋噉做嘅用意係想睇吓嗰範嗰啲研究者近排做咗啲乜同埋有冇乜嘢新發現或者理論-噉樣做一嚟係要攞靈感,二嚟係要費事自己嘥時間走去做一啲人哋已經做咗嘅嘢;而喺做討論(包括寫科學文獻)嗰陣,研究者通常首先會大致上噉概括吓嗰個研究課題,講吓個課題有啲乜嘢主要理論同諗頭,跟住就會講吓呢啲理論同諗頭有冇啲乜嘢甩漏(所以先至需要做份新嘅研究嚟補救呢啲甩漏)-例如做新科學研究嘅常見理由包括「現有嗰啲理論解釋唔到某啲現象」,又或者係個研究者嫌打前嗰啲研究用嘅量度方法唔掂... 呀噉[14]。
- 諗法理據:講完現有嗰啲文獻之後,位研究者就要提出自己嘅諗法同埋有啲理據嚟支撐自己提出嘅諗法;响實證嘅科學上,「支撐自己提出嘅諗法」通常都係實際噉去做實驗或者觀察嚟攞數據,並且對呢啲數據作出分析(詳情可以睇吓統計分析方面嘅嘢[15])同埋呢啲分析得出嘅結果係點。
- 討論總結:提出咗諗法,又搵到證據撐自己個諗法之後,研究者正路會大致上噉總結吓自己搵到嘅結果,包括係嘗試解釋呢啲結果(解釋現象係學術研究嘅一大目標)或者講吓呢啲結果同現有嘅知識有咩關係(會唔會挑戰某啲既有嘅睇法)... 呀噉[16]-例如「對於我而家呢個實驗,手上呢兩個理論會作出唔同嘅假說,做呢個實驗嘗試驗證邊個理論作嘅假說先至係真確,實驗結果撐理論 A 多過撐理論 B,而理論 B 要作出噉噉噉嘅修改先至可以令佢有說服力」噉嘅推論。
系統綜述
編輯「如果我睇得更遠,係因為我企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面。」[18]
喺學術寫作上,「文獻綜述要點做」可以幾撈絞。求知呢家嘢本質上就係要求一個人大量噉睇前人諗過嘅嘢:想像家陣有位學者想對理論 A 作出創新,要挑戰理論 A 嘅某啲基本假設,同時提出新嘅諗頭答「嗰啲基本假設唔成立,今後要點樣思考理論 A 相關嗰啲現象?」噉嘅問題;噉嘅話,佢必然要好熟理論 A 嘅嘢;喺最理想嘅情況下,佢可以將古往今來講理論 A 嘅文獻冚唪唥睇嗮佢-但現實係唔理想嘅,人類有嘅文獻多得滯,嗰位學者頂攏淨係可以集中睇最重要嗰啲文獻。於是就帶出咗以下呢啲問題[19][20]:
- 摷文獻嚟睇嗰陣,要點摷法先至可以摷到嗮最重要嗰啲料出嚟呢?
- 睇一位學者寫嘅文嗰陣,係咪要考慮埋佢摷文獻嘅方法,知佢有冇咩甩漏?
... 呀噉。
系統綜述[英 5]就係指「有系統」噉做文獻綜述,個人會諗清楚「自己用咩搜尋器摷文獻嚟睇?嗰個搜尋器係咪靠得住?」等嘅問題(睇埋後設認知嘅概念)。一般嚟講,要做系統綜述,需要考慮以下呢啲嘢[21][22]:4.1-4.5:
- 要用咩做標準決定包邊啲文[英 6]?呢場綜述會唔會淨係睇某啲時期之間出嘅文?會唔會淨係包用某隻實驗方法做嘅研究?會唔會淨係包做喺某類對象身上嘅研究(例如今次綜述淨係睇研究昆蟲嘅動物行為研究)?會唔會排除某啲特定類嘅文(例如已知某隻統計分析方法有問題,所以用嗰隻方法嘅文冚唪唥排除)?
- 用咗咩方法摷文獻?呢場綜述用咗邊啲搜尋器(睇吓 Google Scholar)摷文獻睇?用咗咩關鍵字嚟摷文?
- 摷嗮啲文返嚟,按標準排除咗唔想要嗰啲文之後,有冇檢驗吓啲文嘅質素?有關「點樣判定一份研究嘅質素」,可以睇吓樣本大細同雙盲等嘅概念。
- 有冇做元分析[英 7]或者敏感度分析[英 8]?
研究者最後就會畫個表出嚟,總括嗮經過咁多篩選程序淨低嘅文,講吓呢啲文(例如)用咗咩量度方法同埋搵到咩結果... 等等。
理想特徵
編輯寫作風格
編輯主流認為,做得好嘅學術寫作會有以下呢啲特徵[11][12][23]:
- 一針見血嘅開頭:一般認為學術文嘅開頭最好要一針見血;個開頭需要
- 邏輯上嘅連貫:篇文會分做若干部份-包括摘要、文獻綜述、研究方法、研究結果同埋針對啲結果做嘅討論... 呀噉;每部份由若干段落組成,而每段落由若干句句子組成;每一段開頭第一句就要講出嗰段嘅主旨,而嗰段跟住啲句子就會係(例如)
- 客觀:呢點係學術寫作同(例如)創意寫作最大嘅分別;如果話一樣嘢係客觀嘅,意思即係指呢樣嘢係咪真確唔會受觀察者嘅身份影響,而客觀係學術寫作需要達到嘅嘢之一[26]:
- 最佳差異[英 9]:指「有返咁上下創新得嚟,又會跟慣例」-一份有用嘅學術文要有啲創新嘅諗頭,但同時又會跟從某啲約定俗成嘅法則[27][28];响廿一世紀初嘅學術界,「約定俗成嘅法則」包括係
- 行話使用:需要明白讀者(同作者比起嚟)對篇文講個課題未必係咁熟,所以有需要嗰陣要解釋清楚篇文用到嗰啲概念同行話;一般認為,一篇文最好係由讀者會識嘅嘢帶起,跟住再由呢啲嘢帶去讀者未必識嘅嘢度[29]。
... 等等。
互文性
編輯「...書梗會提到其他書,而每個故仔都係講緊一個經已俾人講咗嘅故仔。」
有好多學者都指出,學術寫作嘅一個重要功能在於促進唔同學者之間嘅交流。互文性[英 10]包含一篇文有幾做到將前人寫嘅嘢同當中嘅諗法結合埋一齊[32]:
- 有學者主張,一篇寫得好嘅學術文需要做到將唔同嘅前人提出嘅諗頭連接埋一齊,例如有兩班學者,佢哋研究嘅題目唔同所以好少可會傾偈(即係兩班人各自成一個對話社群[33]),而跟住有個學者成功噉諗到啲諗頭出嚟,係對嗰兩班學者嚟講都有用嘅-就有可能令到嗰兩班學者之間出現對話,因而造就佢哋喺諗頭上嘅碰撞[34]。
- 參考文獻[英 11]係寫學術嘢一定做嘅工作,指喺一篇學術文裏面註明返話「呢個諗法係由邊個邊個喺邊年邊年講過嘅」-學術研究往往會想將自己嘅諗法建基喺第啲研究者嘅諗法之上,又或者係批判第啲研究者嘅見解,而喺呢啲情況下,寫一篇文嘅人通常要喺篇文入面註明返「呢個諗法係由某個人講過嘅」,例如喺句句子最尾掕返隻類似史密夫 (1990) 噉嘅字-意思係話句句子入面嗰個諗法係由史密夫喺 1990 年嘅一篇文或者一本書嗰度講過嘅[註 3][35]。
- 抄襲[英 12]係做學術寫作一定要避免嘅嘢,指一個人攞第個人寫或者講過嘅諗法嚟用,仲要係講到嗰個諗法好似係佢自己原創嘅噉:正常嚟講,參考同運用第啲人嘅諗法係冇問題嘅,但响學術上,想喺自己寫嘅文入面用第啲人嘅諗法就要喺篇文入面註明返話「呢個諗法係由邊個邊個喺邊年邊年講過嘅」,有心唔做呢樣嘢就會俾人當係抄襲;喺現代嘅學術上,抄襲係相當嚴重嘅罪行,一個學者俾人捉到佢抄襲,閒閒哋會冇咗份工[36]。
... 等等。
主要文類
編輯- 論文[英 13]:一篇長(以英文計,閒閒哋萬零二萬字咁長)嘅文獻,通常都係由一位讀緊某啲學位(尤其係博士學位)嘅學生寫(睇埋博士論文)-喺篇文入面講吓自己喺讀個學位嘅過程當中學到啲乜;論文正路會分若干個章節,第一個章節會係文獻綜述講吓自己研究緊嗰個課題大致上嘅情況係點,跟住嗰啲章節就可能講自己做過嘅實驗或者觀察,以及係呢啲實驗觀察得到咩結果,最後仲有個章節做總結。論文通常係臨尾先至寫同交嘅[註 4],而間院校嘅人員睇咗個學生篇論文覺得滿意,就會俾佢畢業[37]。
- 綜述文[英 14]:學術文嘅一種,指篇文寫嚟係想總括有關某個課題嘅學術文獻嘅;啲人會寫綜述文,通常都係因為佢哋研究緊嗰個課題累積咗好大拃研究-啲學者研究一個課題就會出文,出到咁上下就會累積咗一大拃文,呢拃文資訊量大,搞到做呢範研究嘅人覺得係時候要整理吓手上嘅知識,於是就寫篇綜述文,喺文入面講吓研究緊個課題有邊啲主要嘅概念、相關嗰啲實驗大致上搵到啲咩結果、仲有係(基於呢啲結果)覺得做呢範嘅研究者跟住落嚟應該做咩研究... 呀噉。喺學術研究上,綜述文好多時都好受注目[38]。睇埋元分析。
- 研討文[英 15]:學術研討會係一種學術性嘅聚會,俾相同領域嘅學者同研究者聚埋一齊討論佢哋做緊嘅研究-
- 研究計劃書
- 匯報
- 編輯卷章節
- 期刊嘅文
- 書評
- 百科全書
... 等等。
註釋
編輯詞彙
編輯睇埋
編輯文獻
編輯- Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M. (15 May 2009). The Craft of Research (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06264-8.
- Canagarajah, A. Suresh (2002). A Geopolitics of Academic Writing. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-7238-9.
- Coinam, David (2004). Concordancing Yourself: A Personal Exploration of Academic Writing, Language Awareness, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 49-55.
- Colquitt, J. A., & George, G. (2011). Publishing in AMJ - Part 1: topic choice (PDF). Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 432-435,呢篇文討論點樣先算係好嘅管理學文,講一篇學術文選題應該要揀有人關注嘅課題、要能夠改變現有嘅諗頭、要能夠引起讀者嘅好奇、份研究嘅樣本要有返咁上下廣、仲有係要帶出可以實行嘅改革。
- Creme, P., & Lea, M. (2008). Writing at university: A guide for students. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
- Crysler, C. G. (2003). Writing spaces: discourses of architecture, urbanism and the built environment, 1960-2000. Routledge,呢本書專講建築學入面嘅學術寫作。
- Grant, A. M., & Pollock, T. G. (2011). Publishing in AMJ - Part 3: Setting the hook (PDF). Academy of management journal, 54(5), 873-879,呢篇文提出咗個諗法,覺得一篇引起到人興趣嘅文,通常一係就係挑戰緊現有嘅共識,一係就係喺未有共識嘅課題度帶出個共識。
- Greene, S. (2001). Argument as conversation: The role of inquiry in writing a researched argument (PDF). The subject is research: Processes and practices, 145-56.
- Gourlay, L. (2008). The handbook of academic writing: a fresh approach. London Review of Education.
- Harley, B., & Hardy, C. (2004). Firing blanks? An analysis of discursive struggle in HRM. Journal of Management Studies, 41(3), 377-400.
- Kantz, M. (1990). Helping students use textual sources persuasively (PDF). College English, 52(1), 74-91.
- Luey, Beth (2010). Handbook for Academic Authors, 5th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Paltridge, B. (2004). Academic writing (PDF). Language teaching, 37(2), 87-105.
- Patriotta, G. (2017). Crafting papers for publication: Novelty and convention in academic writing (PDF). Journal of Management Studies, 54(5), 747-759,一篇以管理學做起始點講學術寫作嘅文,不過佢講啲內容對第啲學術領域嚟講都係有用嘅。
- Porter, J. E. (1986). Intertextuality and the discourse community (PDF). Rhetoric review, 5(1), 34-47.
- Richards, J. C., & Miller, S. K. (2006). Doing academic writing in education: Connecting the personal and the professional. Routledge.
- Sparrowe, R. T., & Mayer, K. J. (2013). From the editors: Integrating theories in AMJ articles. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 917-922,呢篇文討論有四種情況下,可以將幾套唔同嘅理論拉埋一齊講。
攷
編輯- ↑ Nesi, Hilary; Gardner, Sheena (2012). Genres across the Disciplines: Student Writing in Higher Education. Cambridge Applied Linguistics. Cambridge UP.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paltridge, B. (2004). Academic writing (PDF). Language teaching, 37(2), 87-105.
- ↑ Cronin, B. (2005). The hand of science: Academic writing and its rewards. Scarecrow Press.
- ↑ Anthony, L. (1998). Preaching to Cannibals: A Look at Academic Writing in the Field of Engineering (PDF).
- ↑ MacDonald, S. (1994). Professional academic writing in the humanities and social sciences. SIU Press.
- ↑ Aghaei Chadegani, A., Salehi, H., Yunus, M., Farhadi, H., Fooladi, M., Farhadi, M., & Ale Ebrahim, N. (2013). A comparison between two main academic literature collections: Web of Science and Scopus databases. Asian social science, 9(5), 18-26.
- ↑ Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (October 2013). "The publishing delay in scholarly peer-reviewed journals". Journal of Informetrics. 7 (4): 914-923.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Patriotta, G. (2017). Crafting papers for publication: Novelty and convention in academic writing (PDF). Journal of Management Studies, 54(5), 747-759,引咗嗰句:"I propose that academic writing is an act of communication, based on an established set of conventions, involving a plurality of actors (authors, editors, reviewers, and other scholars), and aimed at conveying a core message (contribution) to an audience of... scholars and practitioners."
- ↑ Jefferson, T., Alderson, P., Wager, E., & Davidoff, F. (2002). Effects of editorial peer review: a systematic review. Jama, 287(21), 2784-2786.
- ↑ Tennant, J. P. (2018). The state of the art in peer review. FEMS Microbiology letters, 365(19), fny204.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 These are the 20 most popular academic papers of 2016.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 What are the Qualities of a Good Research Paper 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期2021年11月12號,.. Sahifa.
- ↑ Gary Blake and Robert W. Bly, The Elements of Technical Writing, pg. 117. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ziman, J.M. (1980). "The proliferation of scientific literature: a natural process". Science. 208 (4442): 369–71.
- ↑ Dixon, W. J., & Massey Jr, F. J. (1951). Introduction to statistical analysis.
- ↑ Geletkanycz, M., & Tepper, B. J. (2012). Publishing in AMJ - part 6: Discussing the implications (PDF). Academy of management journal, 55(2), 256-260.
- ↑ Shatz, David (2004). Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ↑ Turnbull, H. W. ed., (1959). The Correspondence of Isaac Newton: 1661-1675, Volume 1, London, UK: Published for the Royal Society at the University Press. p. 416,原句:"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."
- ↑ Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. MIS quarterly, xiii-xxiii.
- ↑ Sutton, A., Clowes, M., Preston, L., & Booth, A. (2019). Meeting the review family: exploring review types and associated information retrieval requirements. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 36(3), 202-222,呢篇文嘅結果嗰 part 有講到綜述文都可以分幾種。
- ↑ Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003). Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the royal society of medicine, 96(3), 118-121.
- ↑ Biolchini, J., Mian, P. G., Natali, A. C. C., & Travassos, G. H. (2005). Systematic review in software engineering (PDF). System engineering and computer science department COPPE/UFRJ, Technical Report ES, 679(05), 45.
- ↑ Harley, B., & Hardy, C. (2004). Firing blanks? An analysis of discursive struggle in HRM. Journal of Management Studies, 41(3), 377-400.
- ↑ Colquitt, J. A., & George, G. (2011). Publishing in AMJ - Part 1: topic choice (PDF). Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 432-435.
- ↑ Grant, A. M., & Pollock, T. G. (2011). Publishing in AMJ - Part 3: Setting the hook (PDF). Academy of management journal, 54(5), 873-879.
- ↑ Study skills / Writing. University of Sydney.
- ↑ Patriotta, G., & Hirsch, P. M. (2016). Mainstreaming innovation in art worlds: Cooperative links, conventions and amphibious artists. Organization Studies, 37(6), 867-887.
- ↑ Lampel, J., Lant, T., & Shamsie, J. (2000). Balancing act: Learning from organizing practices in cultural industries. Organization science, 11(3), 263-269.
- ↑ Johanson, L. A. (2007). 'Sitting in your reader's chair'. Journal of Management Inquiry, 16, 290-4.
- ↑ Postmodernism disrobed (PDF). Nature.
- ↑ Eco, U. (1984). Postscript to the Name of the Rose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,原文:"... books always speak of other books, and every story tells a story that has already been told."
- ↑ Roozen, Kevin. (2015) "Texts Get Their Meaning from Other Texts." Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts in Writing Studies, Adler-Kassner & Wardle, eds. Logan: Utah State UP, 44-47.
- ↑ Leitch, Vincent B. Deconstructive Criticism. New York: Cornell UP, 1983: 145.
- ↑ Huff, A. S. (1998). Writing for Scholarly Publication. London: Sage.
- ↑ Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation, 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010),
- ↑ Eaton, Sarah Elaine (August 2017). "Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism: A Pan-Canadian University Study". Interchange. 48 (3): 271-281.
- ↑ Thomas, Gary (2009) Your Research Project. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- ↑ "What's a "Review Article?"". The University of Texas.
- ↑ Parncutt, Richard; Meyer-Kahlen, Nils; Sattmann, Sabrina (2019-12-20). Iles, Alastair (ed.). "Live-streaming at international academic conferences: Technical and organizational options for single- and multiple-location formats". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 7 (54).
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編輯- Study skills / Writing. University of Sydney.